Back to Main Page

Web Notes

Punjab Complete -2

Punjab (NTehsildar) Others

Download PDF

Punjab Complete -2

Copy right material – This material is produced by Abhimanus IAS , no part of this can be distributed or used without the prior permission of abhimanu’s IAS.

PUNJAB UNDER MUGHALS

Mughal empire was founded by Babur. He had total 5 expedition. In his 5^th expectation. Babur fought Battle of Panipat in 1526 and defeated Ibrahim Lodhi on one hand he ended Delhi Sultanate and on other, he founded Mughal Empire.
In 1530, Babur was succeeded by Humayun. He appointed his brother Kamraan as Governor of Punjab. It was concedered his mistake because Kamroan was a weak ruler.
In 1556, Humayun was succeeded by Akbar. Akbar was in Kalanaur (Gurdaspur) when he got the news of death of his father. Later Akbar was coronated in Kalanaur itself.
Akbar fought famous battle of Panipat in 1556 with Hemu. It provided political stability to Mughal empire.
Akbar appointed Muhammad Khan Kalan, Hussain Quli Khan, Shah Quli Khan, Saiyal Khan, as Punjab Governers
Akbar made Lahore as capital of Mughal empire between 1585 to 1598. This steps was taken because of Turbulent conditions is Kabul and Kashmir.
Akbar constructed one chritchen churd in Lahore which represents secular and liberal nature of Akbar.
Akbar was succeeded by Jahangir. Lahore fascinated Jahangir. He undertook many construction works in Lahore.
He constructed Khawabgah in Lahore.
He constructed Tomb of Mehr-ul-Nissa (Anarkali) in Lahore.
He completed Moti Masjid in Lahore fort.
He also constructed the structure of his own tomb in Lahore.
He constructed Shalimar bagh in Lahore.
Jahangir also caused the Martyrdom of 5^th Sikh Guru, Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He also arrested 6th Sikh Guru, Sri Guru Hargobind ji who was later released with intervension of Sir Mia mir.
Shah Jahan succeeded Jahangir. He first appointed Ali Mardan as Punjab Governor. In 1639, Dara Shikah succeeded Ali Mardan Khan as Punjab Governor.

Guru Arjun Dev Ji

The day of martyrdom of Shri Guru Arjun Dev ji changed the epoch in Indian history. It changed the attitude of Sikh Community. The Sikh saints became Sikh saint soldiers. Later Guru Sahibs began to represents the worldly affairs also along with spiritual affairs.
Causes of Martyrdom
(1) The hostile attitude of Prithi Chand, or Prithia proved important cause in this regard. He thought himself real claimant of Gurugaddi. He was elder son of Guru Ram Dass ji. He spoiled the ear of Mughal authority.
(2) The enmity of Naqashbandi group was another factor behind the martyrdom of Guruji. It was a group of orthodox muslim who were jealous of growing popularity of Guruji. Its leader was `Faizi Sirhindi’. Its headquarter was in Sirhind. It continuously complaints against Guruji to Mughal authority.
(3) Enemity of Chandu Shah also proved important cause in this regard. He was a important figure of the region. He proposed marriage of his daughter to Hargobind ji, Son of Shri Guru Arjan Dev ji. However on public demand Guruji refused this proposal. So he became enemy of Guruji.
(4) Meeting with Prince Khusrao also proved a significant cause. It is said that while on revolt, Prince Khusrao met Guruji and he blessed him victory. It was taken note of by Jahangir.
(5) J.N. Sarkar is of the opinion that, execution of Guruji was a case of suppression of State within state. There was apprehension with Mughals that, Sikh Gurus, might assume political authority.
But in one sense, it was a case of bigotry also. If we study biography of Jahangir, `Tuzak-i-Jahangir’; he wanted to kill Guruji in the name of religion also.
(6) Immediate Cause:- Murtaza Khan, Subedar of Lahore imposed fine of Rs. 1 Lakh against Guruji. Guruji refused to pay such fine. Mughals declared Guruji as tax defaulter and announced punishment of torcher to death.
On May 30, 1606, Guruji Arjan Dev ji was put to death in Lahore, on bank of river Ravi. It is said that Guruji at last expressed desire to take bath in river Ravi and after it he got martyr.
Composition of Guru Arjan Dev ji
1. Sukhmani Sahib.
2. Bavan Akhari
3. Baran Mah (Rag Mah)
4. Chhe Varan
5. Shabad Hazare
6. Cho Bole
7. Shalah Sahikrity
Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev sowed the seeds of militarization of Sikh community. His successor and son Guru Har Gobind (1606-1645) ordered Sikhs to take to arms and defend themselves. To render practical shape to his lofty ideals he himself started wearing two swords on his person to emblem – spiritual (piri) and temporal (miri) authority.
His military designs and victories (he successfully fought three battles against Mughal forces) invited Jehangir’s wrath towards him. Jehangir got the Guru imprisoned for 12 years in the Gwalior Fort.
Guru Har Gobind also got the Akal Takhat completed near the Golden Temple at Amritsar. He appointed his grandson Har Rai as his successor. Their great soul passed away in peace at Kartarpur in 1645. Though Guru Har Rai (1645-1661) never meddled in politics or warfare yet he never discouraged the military spirit of the Sikhs. He passed away in 1661 at Kartarpur but before his death he appointed his younger son har Kishan aged five as his successor.
Guru Harkishan (1661-64) got an attack of small pox which proved fatal. While on death bed Guru Har Kishan sent the insignia of Guru-Gaddi to Teg Bahadur the youngest brother of Guru Har Rai.
The youngest son of the first warrior-Guru, Guru Har Gobind and grandson of first martyr Guru, Guru Arjan Dev, Guru Tegh Bahadur (1664-75) yet proved to be another martyr by laying down his life against the bigotry and the tyranny of Aurangzeb against the Hindus.
The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered the Guru to choose between the conversion to Islam or execution. Guru gladly accepted the later and on 11 November, 1675 the Guru was executed at a place in Chandni Chowk Delhi where Sis Ganj Gurudwara stands today. His martyrdom inflamed the Sikhs and they organized themselves into a full fledged military force under the leadership of Guru Gobind Singh (1675-1708).

Guru Teg Bahadur Ji

The martyrdom of Shri Guru Teg Bahadur ji brought him the honour of HIND DI CHADAR. He sacrificed his life for the sake of communal harmony between Hindus and Sikhs.
Causes of Execution order
1. There was deep ongoing confrontation between Mughals and Sikhs. The growing popularity of Guru Sahibs, too increased this confrontation. Mughals had apprehension of Gurus might assume political authority.
2. Fanatic attitude of Aurangzeb too caused the martyrdom of Guruji. There was many instances which prove that he was a bigotry ruler.
3. Missionary tours of Guru Teg Bahadur ji. was eye opening for Mughals. These tours proved that Guruji had equal popularity in East India also.
4. Negashbandi here too played negative role. They continuously spoiled the ears of Mughal authority against Guru Sahibs.
5. The enemity of Dhirmal and Ram Rai too proved a factor. Both developed their own sects namely Dhirmaliye and Ram Raiye respectively. They use to speak against Guruji.
6. Immediate Cause:- The cause of Kashmiri Pandit proved Immediate cause for execution of Guruji. It is said that Kashmiri Pandits were forced to convert to Islam. They approached Guruji. Guruji conveyed massage to Mughal authority to force him for convision first and all the Pandits would be converted.
On December 11, 1675, Guruji was executed in Chandni Chawnk Delhi. Bhai Mati Dass ji and Bhai Sati Dass ji were also torchered to death. The place is now decorated with Sisganj Sahib Gurdwara Bhai Jaita ji picked up the head of Guruji and brought it to Anandpur Sahib where it was creamated Bhai Lakhi Shah picked up the body of Guruji. He put it in his cart, and pulled to his house. Later he set his house on fire for the sake of cremation. That place is now honoured with Rakab Ganj Sahib Gurdwara.
His entire life is a record of heroism and self sacrifice. It was Guru Gobind Singh who created Khalsa and raised the Sikhs to the status of a mighty factor in Indian politics. He made the first attempt to overthrow the Mughal Empire in the North.
Besides being a warrior, he was a great patron of art and learning. Himself an excellent poet he also promoted the construction of forts. His four sons were sacrificed in battles against tyranny and bigotry but he never got perturbed. His last days were spent in the Deccan and he died at the hands of an Afghan fanatic in 1708 at Nand Pur on the banks of Godawari. He left behind a trusted lieutenant Lachman Das, who was renamed Banda Singh Bahadur.

GURU GOBIND SINGH JI

Born - December 26, 1666
Place of Birth – Patna Sahib
Father – Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji
Mother – Mata Gujri Ji
Guru Ji spent his first six years in Patna. Then came to Makhowal. (Anandpur Sahib).
In 1675, Guruji assumed Gurugaddi after the martyrdom of Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji.
During minor age of Guruji his maternal uncle Kirpal Chand Ji took his care.
Wife –
I. Mata Jeeto Ji (married in 1677)
II. Mata Sundri Ji (married in 1685)
III. Sahib Kaur Ji (married in 1701)
Makhowall where Guruji was staying, fall in kingdom of Bhim Chand who developed enemity relation with Guruji. He had apprehension of Guruji carving out political state out of his kingdom. Since he was a staunch Hindu, he could not tolerate. Guruji condemnation of Hindu rituals.
Viewing the bitter relation between Guruji and Bhim Chand, Medni Parkash, King of Nahan, invited Guruji to stay in nahan. Guruji went there but soon began to look for a safe place for permanent residence Guruji soon shifted to Paonta Sahib. The city developed by Guruji (Paonta mean Paon + Tika putting foot).
While staying in Paonta Sahib Guruji wrote Akal ustat, Krishan Avtar, Shashtar nam mala, Chandi Di Var and Bachiter Natak (Later written)

Important Wars

Battle of Bhangani – 1686
The battle was fought between Guruji forces and hill king alliance led by Bhim Chand. He was enemy and jealour of Guru ji rising popularity. In 1686 he along with other king attack Guru ji only to face defeat at the place name Bhangani.
After the battle of Bhangnai Guruji came back to Anandpur Sahib. He constructed four fort viewing future war prepareness including Anandgarh, Fatehgarh , Lohgarh, Bholgarh
Battle of Nadaun – 1688
After the battle of Bhangani, all hill chief stopped to pay annual tribute to Mughal authority.
Soon hill chief got apprehension of war with Mughals. So they approached Guruji to provide leadership against Mughals.
Soon Mughal attacked hill chief. Both the forces met at place Nadaun. Guruji provided leadership to all Hill chiefs.
Mughals forces first led by Rustam Khan, then Hussain Khan, then Zaffar Khan. In last when Prince Muazzam led the Mughal forces, both side came to an agreement to avoid the war.
In his agreement all hill chief accepted to pay annual tribute to Mughal authority.

Foundation of Khalsa Panth

It was founded on April 13, 1699 in Anandpur Sahib in Keshgarh fort in big conference called upon by Guruji.
Panj Piyares were Daya Singh, Dharam Singh , Himmat Singh, Muhkam Singh, Sahib Singh
Guruji administrated Khande Da Pahul to these Panj Piyare and also got the same from Panj Piyare
Guruji also served Five “K” upon his disciple and gave the name “Singh and Kaur” to his followers. Five `K’ are Kachh, Karha, Kes, Kirpan, Kangha
Battle of Anandpur Sahib, 1701
The establishment of Khalsa Panth raised Guruji popularity on zenith. It also raised apprehension of all hill chief of Guruji assuming political authority.
All chief led by Bhim Chand besieged the fort of Anandpur.
In order to avoid war, Guruji Shifted to Nirmoh.
In 1702, Bhim Chand and his allies attached Guruji in Nirmoh. Mughal authority also supported Bhim Chand in battle of Nirmoh just to face defeat in hands of Guruji.
2^nd Battle of Anandpur -1704
All hill chief soon approached Mughal King and told the story of consecutive defeat.
Mughal King Aurangzeb order Wazir Khan, the subedar of Sirhind to face Guru Gobind Singh ji and to bring him in Mughal court.
Wazir Shah led the Mughal force to besiege fort of Anandpur.
When the battle was hardpassed, 40 Guruji soldier wrote Bedawa and left Guruji in between.
On one Night Guruji escaped from the fort.
Uday Singh led the force to stop Mughal force at Tibbi Sahib. He and his soldier lost their life in battle field. The place is now Tibbi Sahib.
From Anandpur Sahib Guruji went to Sirsa. In Sirsa, Mata Gujri and two younger son of Guruji got separated of Guruji two younger son, Zarawar Singh and Fathe Singh were arrested and later bricked alive in Sirhind on order of Wazir Khan.
Battle of Chamkaur
Guruji with two elder son and his force went to Chamkaur. Mughal forces followed hot pursuit. In this battle two elder son, Ajit Singh and Zujhar Singh got martyrdom.
Guruji escaped from Chamkaur to jungle of Machhiwarha. Wazir Khan was still following Guruji with large force.
Here, in Machhiwarha, Guruji was entrapped from all side by Mughal force. Two old disciple of Guruji, Nabhi Khan and Ghani Khan helped Guruji to escape. They prepared Guruji as UCH DA PIR and led the procession away from Mughal forces.
From here Guruji reached Dina, where his old master Pir Muhammad was staying Guruji stayed at his house and wrote Zaffarnama in Pharsi in the name of Aurangzeb. Two servant, Daya Singh and Dharam Singh were handed over Zaffarname to reach to Mughal court.
Battle of Khidrana – 1705
It was a last battle between Guruji and Mughal forces. Mughal force attacked Guruji force in place Khidrana. Those 40 soldiers who left Guruji in 2^nd battle of Anandpur Sahib, joined Guruji in this battle. All were died in this battle Guruji blessed them Muqti (Salvation). So the place came to be known as Muqatsar.
When Aurangzeb read Zaffarnama, he ordered to withdraw all operational against Guruji.
From Mukatsar Guruji went to Talwandi Guruji took breath here. He took deep rest here so the place came to be known as Dam Dama Sahib.
While staying here, Guruji wrote DASAM GRANTH and he also updated Adi Granth. He included hymn of Sri Guru Teg Bahadur ji in Adi Granth. Damdama Sahib also came to be known as `Guru Ki Kashi’.
From here Guruji went to Nanded, (Maharashtra). In nanded Guruji met Lachhman Dass (Banda Bahadur)
In 1707, Aurangzeb died and succeeded by Bahadur Shah. Bahadur Shah developed good relation with Guruji. He bestowed the Mansab of 8000 to Guruji.
On October 7, 1708, Guruji died because an attack by a unknown Pathan with dagger.

ADI Granth

Adi Granth is holy book which provide Independent identity to Sikh religion. It was composed by Shri Guru Arjan Dev ji. It was composed in place known as Ram Sar, in Amritsar in 1604. It was narrated by Guru Arjan Dev ji and written by Bhai Gurdas ji. The completed Adi Granth was installed in Harimandir Sahib. The first Granthi was Baba Budhaji. The hymns composition is
(1) Guru Nanak Dev ji - 976
(2) Guru Angad Dev ji - 61
(3) Guru Amar Das ji - 907
(4) Guru Ram Dass ji - 679
(5) Guru Arjan Dev ji - 2216
(6) Guru Teg Bahadur ji - 115
Guru Gobind Singh ji later updated Adi Granth while staying in Damdama Sahib. He added the Hymns of Guru Teg Bahadur ji in Adi Granth. There are hyms of 16 Bhagats included in Adi Granth. These Bhagats are as follow:-
Jai Dev Sur Dass
Baba Farid Bhikan
Nam Dev Beni
Trilochan Pipa
Permanand Sen
Rama Nand Ram Das
Kabir Ravi Das
Dhanna Sadna
Adi Granth is classified in 31 pages broadly. Adi Granth was later honoured to with Status of Guru, and began to be call Shri Guru Granth Sahib.

AHMAD SHAH ABDALI

Ahmad Shah Abdali an officer, in Nadir Shah’s army accompanied him in his campaign against India. This sharp-eyed and ambitious person had seen the inherent weakness of the Mughal Empire. After the assassination of Nadir Shah in 1747, Ahmad Shah Abdali became an independent ruler of Afghanistan. He called himself Durri-i-Durran i.e. the pearl of the age, and his clan came to be known as Surrani.
Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked India four times between 1748 and 1751 and inflicted very serious and grievous injuries to Punjab and Punjab was incorporated in the Durrani Empire.
In 1745-46, Shah Nawaj became Governor of Punjab. He actually usurped to office, so his position was not secure. He approached Mughal King to appoint him Governor legally. However he refused to recognize him as Governors.
Shah Nawaj decided to invite Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade India and appoint him Governor of Punjab after conquering it.
Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked Punjab in 1748. it was his first attack. When Mughal came to known about Ahmad Shah Abdali attack. They asked Shah Nawaj to repulse the attack it cleared his way to be Punjab Governor. He gave tough resistance to Ahmad Shah Abdali but was defeated.
After defeating Shah Nawaj, Ahmad Shah Abdali marched towards Delhi. Mir Mannu was Governors of Delhi who defeated Ahmad Shah Abdali and forced him to get back to Kabul.
In 1752, Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked again. Now Mir Mannu was Governor of Punjab. He defeated Mir Mannu but appointed him Governor of Punjab from his own side not as appointee of Mughals.
VADDA GHALLUGHARA
In his 6^th attack in 1762, Punjab witnessed in Vadda Ghallegha (mass massacre). Abdali force got information of gathering of Sikh forces in village Kup in Malerkotla. Ahmad Shah Abdali sent Zia Khan to engage Sikh forces. In morning of February 5, 1762. Ahmad Shah Abdali had a massive attack. More than 50,000 Sikh soldiers were killed. This is known as Vadda Ghallughara.
Ahmad Shah Abdali had total 9 attack against Punjab. The last attack was in 1769. However, he could not crush Sikh forces.
CHHOTA GHALLUGHARA – 1745
During the years of 1740s, Yahia Khan was Punjab Governor. He was very cruel. During his time Sikh forces were formed into guerrilla groups. He got information of gathering of Sikh forces near river Ravi. He attacked with large forces. He drifted Sikh forces towards river Beas. On the Bank of river Beas, Sikh forces were entrapped from all side. 7000 Sikh soldiers were killed in a pitched battle. It is known as Chhota Ghallughara in Punjab history.

BHAI MANI SINGH JI – 1738

Bhai Mani Singh was disciple of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Later he began to take care of Sri Harmandir Sahib. During 1730, Zakaria Khan was Governer of Punjab. In 1738 passed on order not to celebrate Diwali in Harimandir Sahib. Bhai Mani Singh ji approached him. However, he allowed to celebrate Diwali on paying of Rs. 10,000. But on the eve of Diwali he attacked Amritsar. Bhai Mani Singh ji could not collect the required money. For not paying such money Bhai Mani Singh ji was declared tax defaulter. He was tourchered to death in 1738 Punjab history remember him as martyre of Punjab.

DALL KHALSA

Banda Bahadur was executed in 1716. After the death of Banda Bahadur, Sikh community became leaderless and directionless also. They farmed their small groups and became guerrilla.
People of Sikh community were thinking to organize Sikh Community. There was lack of coordination among different groups.
In 1734, a grand conference was called with efforts of KAPUR SINGH FAIZALPURIA. He formed DAL KHALSA.
It was a organization to control the activities of whole of Sikh Community. It was also to provide leadership to Sikh forces against cruel Mughals.
Dal Khalsa was divided into two parts.
Budha Dall
Taruna Dall
Budha Dall was a guiding organization within Dal Khalsa. The member of Budha Dall were those who once had worked with Sri Guru Gobind Singh ji. They were old people, a small group in general provide guidance to Taruna Dall.
Taruna Dall was a group of youngest within Dall Khalsa. It was a large group whose duty was to prepare for war. Taruna Dall works under the guidance of Budha Dall.
Later JASSA SINGH AHLUWALIA became leader of Dal Khalsa. He started RAKHI SYSTEM. It imply any smaller kingdom not be attacked if she pay tribute to Dall Khalsa.
Later JASSA SING AHLUWALIA divide Dall Khalsa into 12 parts. Each part was given distinct identity, flag, area, name and a leader.
These group were commonly called MISLS. Misl mean equality. Slowly these 12 misls developed their area of influence in this respects areas. Since these misls became powerful. Soon Dall Khalsa began to loose its relevancy.

Rise of Raja Ranjit Singh

In one of these Misis, the Suker Chakias, Ranjit Singh was born on November 2, 1780 at Gujranwala who was destined to build a mighty edifice of Sikh kingdom. As a great warrior and organizer, he brought all the Misis under his control. “His greatest achievement consisted in affecting a marvelous transformation of the warning Sikh states into a compact national monarchy”. In his time the Sikh Kingdom extended from Khyber pass to the Sutlej and from Sind to Ladakh.
His reign (1778-1839), though not long, is significant because of its concept of dharma entwined with the practice of secularism.
Ranjit Singh encircled himself with an array of strong generals and soldiers. They were men from different clans, castes and regions and religions.
These included: Hari Singh Nalwa, Dewan Mokham Chand, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and his son Fateh Singh Ahluwalia, Ghaus Mohammad Khan, Shaikh Elahi Baksh, Veer Singh later Jallaha of Gurdaspore, Sawan Mal, Sardar Sangat Singh Saini, Sher Singh, Zorawar Singh, Chattar Singh Attariwalla, Balbhadra Kunwar - Gorkhali General who served for Ranjit Singh after the Anglo-Gorkha war (1814-1816), Mahan Singh Mirpuri
Among his European Mercenary Generals were: Jean-François Allard, Jean-Baptiste Ventura - Italian (Modena), Paolo Di Avitabile - Italian (Naples), Claude August Court - French
The only American mercenary was: Alexander Gardner

Maharaja Ranjit Singh Relation with Britishers

In 1800 British sent Yusuf Ali with certain gifts and a massage. The massage was not to alliegn with Zamaan Shah. It was because Britishers concedered Zamaan Shah their enemy. Zamaan Shah was ruler of Kabul.
In 1806, Britisher concluded treaty of “Treaty of peace and Friendship” with Maharaja Ranjit Singh. As per treaty, Ranjit Singh was not suppose to support Marathas in South West India and on the other hand. Britishers would not interfere into internal affairs of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Treaty of Amritsar April 25, 1809.
The background of treaty lies, when Ranjit Singh frequently began to cross Satluj and subjugate smaller kingdoms between Satluj and Yamuna. It was direct confrontation with Britishers because all these kingdom use to pay annual tribute to Britishers. The activities of Ranjit Singh also raised the question of sovereignty.
The Rise of Ranjit Singh was parallel to rise of Nepolian Bonapart in Europe. Nepolian was giving war threat to Britishers in Europe by his continental theory. Britishers got apprehension that Nepolian could come upto India to defeat Britishers.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was aware about rise of Nepolian. So he put forward many such demands before Britishers which were unacceptable. e.q. accept him as head of Sikh nation. Whereas Britishers wanted to contain Ranjit Singh to the North of Satluj.
Metcalf played the role of Interlocutar between Britishers and M. Ranjit Singh. Britishers wanted to retain Ranjit Singh in the mouth of North West India.
In 1809, the downfall of Nepolian encouraged Britishers to pressurize M. Ranjit Singh for such treaty. Both side began to prepare for war. In between Metcalf broke the ground for treaty of Amritsar. The treaty was signed on April 25, 1809 in Amritsar.
As per treaty M. Ranjit Singh was not to cross Satluj toward South. He was open to establish Sikh State in the North of Satluj. In return Britishers would be friendly with Ranjit Singh and would not interfere into internal affairs of 2^nd Sikh state.
Tripalite treaty of 1838
In 1830s, British got apprehension of Russian attack crossing Afghanistan. British decided to have treaty with Dost Muhammad, the rules of Kabul. But Dost Muhammad demand Peshawar in return which was a province of M. Ranjit Singh.
British were not in a mood to fight with Ranjit Singh. The friendship of Ranjit Singh was more valuable for Britisher then support of Dost Muhammad.
British decided to replace Dost Muhammad with Shah Shuja the representative of old ruling clan.
British asked Ranjit Singh to support mission to replace Shah Shuja in place of Dost Muhammad.
In first instance Ranjit Singh refused because he was unable to afford British on both side North and South.
But British pressurized Ranjit Singh. They threatened to go for alliance with Shah Shuja on this own.
In this way three parties, signed Tripatite Treaty of June 27, 1839. Shah Shuja was put on thrown of Afghanistan. When treaty was in progress, Maharaja Ranjit Singh died in 1839.

Important ministers of Ranjit Singh

Prime Minister (or Wajir) - Raja Dhyan Singh
Foreign Minister - Faqir Aziz-ud-Din
Finance Minister- (i) Bhawani Das, (ii) Dina Nath
Commander-in-chief-(i) Diwan Mohkam Chand, (ii) Misr Diwan Chand, (iii) Hari Singh Nalva
Home Minister (Deodidar)-Jamadar Khushhal Singh

Important Departments

Daftar-i-Abwab-ul-Mal (Income Department) - It was divided into four parts.
I. Daftar-i-Mall – For land Revenue records
II. Daftar-i-Sairat – Octrai tax and tax collection from mines and salt.
III. Daftar-i-Wajahat – Income from in toxicant like Bhang and Opium.
IV. Daftar-i-Nazarana – Income from gifts and annual taxes.
Daftar-i-Abdual-ul-Tehweel – This department keep accounts of salaries of all employees and keep records of small expenditure.
Daftar-i-Akhrajat – This department keep records of expenditure, on Jagirs, govt factories buildings and royal elephant, horse and camels.
Daftar-i-Mawajib – Payment to civil and military officials of higher rank.
Daftar-i-Madal-e-Kharach – Records of grants-in shape of help, charities and pension.
Daftar-i-Roznamcha – It was record of day to day expenditure of Maharaja and his associates.
Daftar-i-Toshakhana – It was treasury wherein, important articles of Maharaja were kept for security purpose.
Four province of Ranjit Singh Kingdom were Suba-i-Lahare, Suba-i-Kashmir, Suba-i-Multan, Suba-i-Peshawar
The head of the province was called Nizam, equal to Governer, during British period.

Important book related Ranjit Singh

In Persian language
Udmat-ul-Twaraikh - Munshi Sohan Lal Suri
Zafarnama-i-Ranjit Singh - Diwan Amarnath
Tarikh-i-Punjab - Gulam Mahi-ud-Din
Tarikh-i-Sikhan - Khushwant Rai
Char Bag-i-Punjab - Ganesh Dass
Ibratnama - Mufti Ali-ud-Din
Khalsanama - Babhat Mal
In English
Travels into Bokhara - Burn
Travels of Himalayan province - Murkfat
Five Year in India - Henerry Fane
The Punjab - Steinbach
The Court and Camp of Ranjit Singh -Osborne
Origin of the Sikh Power in Punjab and life of Ranjit Singh -Henery Princep
History of Punjab - Murray
History of the Reigning family of Lahore -Major Carmiachel Smyth
History of Sikhs - W.L. Mcgregor
Our Relation with Punjab , Narrative of Services military and political - wades
Thirty Five Year in East - Martin Hongberger
History of Sikh - by Cumingham
“The Last Sunset : Rise and fall of Lahore Darbar” by Capt. Amrinder Singh
“After Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s death (in June, 1839) his achievements began to crumble rapidly owing to the incompetence of his successors and the intrigues of his generals and ministers. One weak ruler after another was deposed in quick succession, till in 1843 Dalip Singh, a minor, was acknowledged as king with his mother, Rani Jindan, as regent. The final collapse came almost as a result of the two Anglo Sikh Wars, which followed each other in succession and the Punjab was at last annexed by Lord Dalhousie in March, 1849”.

AHMADIYA MOVEMENT

It is also known as Qadian or Kadian movement.
The pioneer of this movement was Mirza Gulam Ahmad. He was born in village Qudia, district Gurdaspur in 1835. He was a social reformer, wanted to reforms evils from Punjabi muslim society. He also wanted to preach Islam on the line of chritchen missionaries. So he founded “Jamaat-i-Ahmadiya”.
Mirza Gulam Ahmad died in 1908. He was succeeded by Maulavi Noor-ud-Din. Later he was succeeded by Bashir Mehmood. During time of Bashir Mehmood. Ahmadiya movement was parted into two parts. It weakened the movement and gradually it lost its relevancy.

NIRANKARI MOVEMENT

If we look at causes of origin of the movement. These were like certain evils entered into Punjabi society. There were many expensive rituals entered into Sikh Society. The activation of Chritchen missionaries was another cause for beginning of Nirankari movement.
The pioneer of Nirankari movement was BABA DYALA JI. He was born in 1783 in Peshawar. He began to preach teachings of Sikh religion. He was based in Peshawar in Pishariya Gurdwara.
He had belief in formless God as Nirankari. So his fallower came to be known as Nirankari.
He formally founded Nirankari Darbar on December 3, 1851 in Peshawar.
Baba Dyala Ji was succeeded by Baba Darbara Singh Ji. He called a conference on line of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji. He asked for of a son and a daughter. Later he arranged marriage of both on the stage. It was to demonstrate a in expensive and simple marriage. According to him, many useless rituals had entered into Punjabi society, so need to identify them and to remove them.
Nirankari faith have belief in living Guru which differentiate it from sikh religion.
When India got independence at Partitioned. Nirankari shifted this base to Delhi.

Gurdwara movement

It was a movement to reform the administration of Gurudwaras. Cause of Gurdwara movements are as under.
(i) Failure of Singh Sabha movement was a important cause of beginning of Gurudwara movement. Actually people had high hopes from Singh Sabha movement that they would reform administration of Gurudwara but Singh Sabha movement not only failed, but lost its relevancy in 2^nd decade of 20^th century.
(ii) However, Masand System was abolished by Sri Guru Gobind Singh ji, but these Masand became Mahants later. They occupied Gurdwaras. They use to defend their Gurdwara as it a personal property. They were corrupt and characterless.
(iii) Ist Mughals later Britishers had support for this Mahants. Mughal governor – like yahia Khan, Zakria Khan were very cruel to sikh community. So they never allowed common sikh man to interfere into administration of Gurdwara. Later Britishers supported these Mahants. These Mahants began to enjoy right to property. They became owner of property of all Gurdwaras.
(iv) There were many Socio religious reform movements going on like Namdhari movement, Nirankari movement, etc. These movements also prompted sikh society for Gurdwara movement.
(v) Immediate Cause:- In 1920, Sri Harimander Sahib Mahant Sarbrah Arur Singh gave Saropa (Religious respect) to General Dyre who recently killed hundred of Punjab in Jalliawala Bagh massacre.

Origin of SGPC

Prominent leader from Sikh community called a conference in 1920 in Akal Takhat. The conference was called to discuss the matter of administration of Gurdwaras.
This conference was called on November 15, 16, 1920. The organization named “Sharomani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee.” (SGPC) came into existence.
It was to be a 175 member body. All members would be elected members. This body would form laws for controlling all Gurdwaras, Khalsa school, colleges and other educational institutions.
The first meeting of SGPC was held on December 12, 1920, in Akal Takhat.
Sunder Singh Majithia was unanimously elected its first President Harbans Singh Atari became its first Vice President. In General British govt had no opposition to newly created body.
SGPC began to put forward its basic demands before British govt. like Legalization of SGPC, etc.
In 1981, first General election was held for SGPC in different parts of Punjab. Sardar Kharak Singh became its new elected president.
British became a jealous of growing popularity of SGPC. They were annoyed from activities of its Executive Committee Shiromani Akali Dal. So in 1923, British banned both SGPC and SAD.
In 1925, British govt scumbed to the demands of SGPC. British govt. passed Gurdwar Act 1925. Baba Kharak Singh continued to be its President Britishers recognized SGPC as a legal body. All rights of property were given to SGPC over Gurdwaras.
In 1930, Master Tara Singh became President of SGPC. Udham Singh Nagote remain its President 1944-48, when India got independence. The longest serving President was Gurcharan Singh Tohra from 1972 to 1998 for long 27 years.

SHIROMANI AKALI DAl

The word meaning of SAD is “organization of immortals”.
The SAD was created as Executive of SGPC in a meeting dated December 14, 1920.
Accordingly, SGPC was a legislative body whereas SAD was a its Executive. It was expected that SAD would work under the guidelines of SGPC.
The word Akali was used by Sri Guru Gobind Singh ji. He formed a peculiar force within Sikh force for named Akali. The prime responsibility of this force was to defend all sikh institution, buildings like Gurdwaras, forts or other buildings.
Guruji also gave them district identity eg. Round blue turban, a sword blue long clothes and maala in hand.
Its president of SAD was Sardool Singh Kavishar.
SAD began to launch Morchas under direction of SGPC.

GURU KA BAGH MORCHA – 1922

It was a one of the most important Morcha launched by Shiromani Akali Dal against Mahant of Guru Ka bagh Gurudwara in Amritsar.
Mahant Sunder Dass was occupant of the Gurudwara. In first instance, he refused to the order of SGPC. But later he accepted to handover Gurdwara to SGPC. But refused to give property associated with Gurudwara to SGPC.
He got the police support because of right to property. Police began to defend. SAD launched morcha to fetch of Gurudwara property from Sunder Dass. Police resorted to violence and lathicharge.
Morch lasted for two months. Police use to be very harsh against Akali workers.
Finally an influential personality of the city. Rai Bahadur Ganga Ram intervened and secured the whole property for SGPC. The morcha came to an end successfully.

JAITON DA MORCHA – 1923, 1924, 1924

In 1923, British govt expelled Nabha King Repudaman Singh. Police also disrupted ongoing AKHAND PATHS in royal palace.
SGPC condemned govt policy towards king of Nabha. SAD staged a Morcha at place JAITON not only to complete the ongoing pathes but to reinstate Nabha king also.
Police adopted suppressive measures against Akali. They resorted to violence however akali did not withdraw.
In 1923, itself British govt. banned both SGPC and SAD as an organizations.
But SAD continued even as ban organization.
In 1924 SAD send a jatha of 500 men from Amritsar. Police opened fire in between. This issue was condemnent at national level. Congress party, Muslim league, Khilafat committee, began to support Jaiton Da Morcha. Pt. J.L. Nehru personally visited jaiton. So soon Jaiton Da orcha became national issue.
British govt felt the heat of unity at jaiton. In 1925, British govt. passed Gurdwara Act 1925. According to this Act both SGPC and SAD were recognized as legal bodies. All rights to property over Gurdwaras were given to SGPC.
However, Repudaman Singh was not reinstated, yet SAD called off the morcha.

Other important places

(1) Places in Amritsar
(i) Govindgarh Fort:- This port was constructed by Maharja Ranjit Singh as part of Defence mechanism.
(ii) Sarai Amanat Khan:- It was a built by calligrapher of Taj Mahal. It represents piece of ornamentation built during Mughal period.
(iii) Jallianwala Bagh Martyr memorial – It is constructed on place, where on April 13, 1919, General Dyre opened fired on innocent Punjabi in Amritsar. The memorial represents the memory of those who sacrificed their lives for the Nation.
(iv) Ram Tirath:- It is hermitage of Rishi Balmiki. This place has many tank and many temple since ancient time. The same hut still stand in which Sita mata gave birth to Luv & Kush, twin sons. Four day festival since time immemorial is held on full moon in month of November.
(v) Durgiana temple:- It is also known as Lakshmi Narain mandir. It is build with design of Golden Temple. The temple was constructed with efforts of M.M. Malvia.
(2) Places in Anandpur Sahib
(i) Anandpur fort:- This fort was constructed in 1686 by Sri Guru Gobind Singh ji. This fort was Attached several time by Hill Kings and Mughal forces. In 1704, when combined forces of Hill Kings and Mughal force, besieged Guruji. This fort defended Guruji forces and later HE evacuated the fort.
(ii) Lahgarh fort:- It was Sri Anandpur Sahib Armoury, weapon manufacturing factory and martial training ground.
(ii) Fategarh fort:- It stood guard over the highway which connected Sri Anandpur Sahib to Sirhand and Lahore in North, and to Delhi in South.
(iv) Taragarh fort:- It was constructed to keep watch over hill forces activities. Basically, it was constructed to face attack of King of Bilaspur.
(v) Kiratpur Sahib:- The city was founded and developed by Sri Guru Hargobind Ji. He spend last years of his life in Kiratpur Sahib. Sikh immerse the ashes of their dead at this places.
(3) Naina Devi
The hill top shrine of Naina Devi is in district Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh. People from both Sikhs and Hindu community visit this place of mother Goddess.
(4) Places in Chandigarh
(i) Chandigarh was planned by French architect Lee Corbusier. He himself construct the emblem of Chandigarh that is “open hand”. It represents the message of peace.
(ii) Capital Complex:- It comprise seats of Govts. of Punjab and Haryana, that is
Secretariat
High Court Complex
Legislative Assembly
The complex represent breath taking beauty.
(iii) Other important places are Sukhna Lake, Rock Garden build by Sir Nek chand, Rose Garden, Punjab University Complex, Hockey Stadium, Martyre place of former C.M. Sri Beant Singh, Tagore Theatre, market complex of Sector 17, New Lake of Sector 42 etc.
(5) Places in Kapurthala
(i) Elysee Palace:- It is a palace of Maharaja Jagjit Singh. It is modeled on Versialles in France for which city was some time, called Paris of Punjab. The palace is now a magnificent Sainik School.
(ii) Jubilee Hall:- The jubilee hall was once the `Darbar Hall’ of Maharaja of Kapurthala. The Building is now N.J.S.A. Government College Complex.
(iii) State Gurudwara:- State Gurudwara was constructed in 1916. It was styled after Italian Cathedrals. It has lovely red marble dome. It represents blend of Indo Saracenic motifs with British red Bricks is surprisingly harmonious.
(iv) The Moorish Masque:- The mosque is modeled like the “Qutbya Mosque” in morocco. It is a masterpiece of Moorish style architecture. It was constructed in 1930, only of its kind in South East Asia.
(v) Pushpa Gujral Science City:- It is constructed on Jallandhar Kapurthala road. It is intended to inculcate scientific attitude and temperament. It is a biggest project of its kind in North India. It was constructed during Prime Ministership of Mr. I.K. Gujral.
(vi) Kanjli Lake:- It is a beautiful lake called Kanjli wetland. It is home of migratory birds in winters. It was declared wetland of National Importance in 1992.
(vii) Sultanpur Lodhi:- It is a small town, on G.T. Road 26 km away from Kapurthala. It was founded by Sultan Khan Lodhi, who was a general of Mehmood Gazni in 11^th Century A.D. It is on bank of rivulet Kali Bain.
Guru Nanak Dev Ji while staying in sultanpur use to go to Kali Din to take bath. The same Berry tree still stand under which Guru Ji use to meditate. Now we have erected a big monument called Berry Sahab Gurdwara.
(6) Historical Places in Ludhaina
(i) Ludhiana derive its name from Lodhi dynasti which is believed to have founded the city in 1480. Maharaja Ranjit Singh occupied Ludhiana but by Treaty of Amritsar 1809, M. Ranjit Singh confined himself in North of Satlej.
Today this city is famous for industry, particularly hosiery and cycle works important places in the city are
Nehru Rose Garden
Hardy World (Amusement Park)
Guru Nanak Bhavan
Rural Museum (P.A.U.)
Maharaja Ranjit Singh War Memorial
Gurudwara Charankanwal Sahib
Panjab Agriculture University (PAU)
(ii) Gurdwara Charankanwal Sahib:- This Gurdwara is situated in town name Machhiwada. It mark the site of garden where Guru Gobind Singh ji had sip of water, spell a brief sleep. The festival is held every year in month of December to commemorate Guruji stay here.
(iii) Lodhi fort:- This as a fort 500 year old, constructed by Sikander Lodhi when he ruled Punjab region. It was a part of defence mechanism.
(iv) Maharaja Ranjit Singh War Museum:- Maharaja Ranjit Singh war museum was planned in 1990 to creat public awareness about defence preparedness of the country and to strengthen unity.
(v) Rural Museum:- (P.A.U.)
Pendu Azaibghars, is situated in Campus of Punjab Agriculture University, was inaugurated by Khushwant Singh on April 26, 1974. This museum depicts the rural life of Punjab.
(vi) Nehru Rose Garden:- It is a famous garden where people come for morning and evening walk and to relax. The garden contain 1600 varieties of roses. It also held annual rose festival.
(vii) hardy’s World (Amusement Park):- It is a spectacular amusement part just 7 km from city centre. The theme parties, cafe, joy rides, and shopping complex are entertainment bonanza for people of all age group.
(viii) Amaltas Tiger Safari:- It is a zoo, situated just 6 km away from city centre. The majestic tigers roaming about in the dense jungle offer a thrilling experience to nature lover. This zoo have 37 tigers in a 4 + sq.km enclosure.
(7) Important place in Patiala
(i) Old Moti Bagh Palace:- (NIS)
Old Moti Bagh palace was constructed in Indo Saracenic style. It has 15 dining halls. It is one of the largest residence building in Asia. This palace in now house of National Institute of Sports. (NIS)
(ii) Qila Mubarak Fort:- Present city of Patiala developed around this fort. It was build 1763. Its architecture is syntheses of Mughal and Rajasthani style.
(iii) Jai Maa Ji Di Saraan:- It is now criminal investigating agency office Patiala. The monument was constructed as a resting place for weary travelers.
(iv) Sheesh Mahal:- Sheesh Mahal is situated behind main moti bagh palace. It was constructed by Maharaja Narender Singh. The painting on walls translate famous poems of Keshav Dass, Bhihari Lal and Surdas. The floral designs memorize Jahangir time. Now the palace is museum of art gallery and also North Zone Cultural Centre.
(v) Lachhman Jhoola:- It is a wonderful suspension bridge created across the small Lake in front of Sheesh Mahal. It was constructed on line of Lachhman Jhoola of Rishikish. It link Sheesh Mahal with Bansar Ghar.
(vi) Darbar Hall Museum:- It is a massive building used for important public occasions. It is a exhibition of armor which include swords and dagger of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. It also have swords of Nadir Shah.
(vii) Dhillon Fun World:- Dhillion Fun world was established with vision of fun for all. It is North India biggest water park, fully loaded with all modern rides for children.
(viii) Kali Temple – This temple was constructed by Maharaja Bhupinder Singh. He brought the images of Goddess Kali from Makrana Rajasthan.
(8) Important Places in Firozepur
(i) Anglo Sikh War Memorial:- This memorial contains portraits of historical personalities, painting, depicting scene of battle of Anglo Sikh wars. Poetic couplets of Shah Muhammad are embarred on the wall.
(ii) National Martyrs Memorial:- National Martyrs Memorial in Hussainwala, depict the sacrifice of three national hero, Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev.

IMPORTANT LITERARIAN WORKS

Heer Ranjha - Waris Shah
Sohni Mehiwal - Fazal Shah
Mirza Sahiba - Hafiz Barkhudar
Sassi Punnu - Hashim Shah
Qissa Puran Bhagat - Qadaryar
Nadir Shah Di Var - Najabat
Jangnama -Shah Mohammad (about Ist Anglo Sikh War)

Festivals

1. Capper Da Mela
This festival is held on Anand Chandas the 14^th day of Bhadon in honour of Gugga Pir. A big Shrine known as “Gugge Di Marhi” has been built in his memory. Gugga was a Chauhan Rajput. He had special powers over all kinds of Snakes. On festival day people scoop the earth seven time to envoke Gugga pir to protect them against snakes. The shrine was built in 1890. The fair last three days.
2. Jarag Da Mela
This fair is held in Jarg, a village in Tehsil Payl, Ludhiana held in Chet in honour of Goddess Seetla. Sweet Gurgulas are prepared one day earlier then offered to Goddess, thereafter offer to donkey her favourite.
3. Roshni Da Mela
It held in Jagranvan Ludhiana from 14th to 16th Phagun in honour of Muslim Pir Abdul Kader Jalani. People come across Punjab to light earthen lamp at Shrine of pir.
4. Malerkotla da mela
A four day festival is held in Malerkotla at Shrine of Haider Sheikh. Childless people come across Punjab. There is strong belief that they get their progeny here.
5. Nakodar Mela
It is a Hindu Muslim Festival held in Nakodar in Jallandhar. It is shrine of Mir Shah Hussain. Hans Raj Hans was appointed its Chairman for short period
6. Baba Jawahar Singh Mela
It is held in Khatkar Kalan, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar. It is held on Baisakhi day in memory of Baba Jawahar Singh.
7. Mukatsar fair in memory of battle of Khidrana
1705-06 began on Makar Sakranti (January) last 3 days people take Bath in Mukatsar pool.
2^nd day, they take procession to three place.
I. Rikab Sahib
II. Tibbi Sahib
III. Mukhwanjana Sahib –
On Return people pay prayer in Tambu Sahib.
Mukatsar Sarowar was constructed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
8. Sodal Da Mela
The festival is held in Jallandhar.
There is belief that infant child, named Sodal, who had divine powers, came on earth with order of his mother on place todays Sodal. People have constructed “Sodal Da Sarovar”. People pay tribute to Baba Sodal.
People believe that one day. Mother was going on routine bath. Child Sodal was following her. Mother stoped him and instructed him not to follow her. But child Sodal followed her ignoring instructions.
Mother, out of anger, order him to drown into the Pond. People had belief that child converted himself into snake and buried himself into the Pond.
The festival is held in month of September.
9. Rose Festival -
Actual name of festival is “Festival of gardens” but popularly called `Rose Festivals.’
The festival is held in month of February in Chandigarh.
The festival last for 3 days.
10. Holla Mohalla
It is a Sikh festival held every year in month of march a day following Holi.
The Punjabi Word Mohalla mean, organized procession in form of an army Column accompanied by war drums and standard bearers.
The festival was started by 10^th Guru, Sri Guru Gobind Singh ji. During Guruji period, it was a military exercise. Guruji use to held mock battle after holi.
The festival in mainly held in Anand Pur Sahib, however, Kirtan Darbari are held in other places also.
This festival is recognized as national festivals by Govt. of India. It is held in Punjab since 1701.
11. Jorh Mela
The festival is held in Fatehgarh Sahib, in honour of both Chhote Sahibjada two younger son of Sri Guru Gobind Singh ji.
Both the young heroes were arrested illegitimately and both had to sacrifice their life. To commemorate this sacrifice, Jor mela is held every year in month of May. The day is also called Fateh Divas.
12. Sports Mela Kila Raipur
Kila Raipur sports mela is national festival. It is held in month of February, we also call it rural sports.
The sports festival of Kila Raipur commemorate the sacrifice of young sons of Sri Guru Gobind Singh ji. Who were bridged alive by wazir Khan. People memorise the sacrifice of two young chilalern through this festivals.
13. Harballabh Sangeet Sammelan
Harballah Sangeet Sammelan is held in Devi Talab Temple, Jalandhar.
It is actually music concert.
It completed it 131 year in 2006. It is recognized as national festival by Govt. of India for music.
The festival is held in honour of Soami Harballabh. He was a renowned authority in classical music.
The festival is held in month of December.

Important personalities

Nanak Singh

His Important Novels include (i) Ek Miyan do Talwara

(ii) Khooni Baisakhi, (iii) Pavitar Pappi , (iv) Chitta Lahu

Shiv Kumar Batalvi

His Important Poetry works include (i) Mainu Victhya Karo, (ii) Gajla ta geet, (iii) Aarti, (iv) Lajwanti, (v) Aate Dian Chirhyan , (vi) Mai Te Mai, (vii) Dardmanda Dia Aahan , (viii) Birha da sultan
Piran Da Paraga published in 1960. He is youngest recipient of Sahitya Academy Award 1967. Wrote epic based on Puran Bhagat, Lunha 1965, died in 1973 at 36 age.

Prof. Mohan Singh

Known as Father of modern Punjabi Poetry
His Important Novels include Saven pater Buhe te Jindre-
Prof. Mohan Singh memorial mela held in Ludhiana.

Dalip Kaur Tiwana

His Important Novels include Agni Parikhya, Baat Hamari, Tili da Nishan, Suraj Te Samundar, Dusari Sita, Sarkandiyan Da Desh, Dhupp, Chhan da rukh, Lambi Udari, Pile Pattyan di Dastan, Nanga Pairan Da Safar. (Autobiography), (Sadhana, Yatra, Kise di Dhee, Ek Kudi)

Balwant Gargi

Nangi Dhoop (Autobiography)
Kesro, Kanak di Bali, Sohni Mahiwal, Sultana Razia, Shaukan, Mirza Sahiba, Loha Kut.
Short Stories. Mircha wala Saath, Patan di Bedi.
Got Sahtya Academy Award 1962 for “Rang Manch” & also got Sangeet Natak Academy Award 2000. Theatre dept in Punjabi University founded by Balwant Gargi.

Amrita Pritam (born in Gujrawala 1919-2005)

Most prominent Poem, Aaj Aakha Varis Shah Nu……
Most prominent Noval – Pinjar 1950
Sahitya Academy Award – 1956 for poem “Sunehe”
Jnyanpaeeth Award – 1982 – Kagaz ta Kanvas
Padam Vibhushan – 2004
Sahitya Academy Fellowship – 2004.
Autobiographies – I. Rasidi Ticket – 1976

II. Shadow of Words. 2004

Novals

Kore Kagaz , Sagar Te Sippiyan , Rang da Patta
Delhi di galiya, Aarti, Tehrvan Suraj, Nagmani

Poem

Amrit Lehran, Jiunde jeevan, Trel Dhote Phull, Oh geetan valiya, Badlan di Lalli, Lok Peera, Pathar Geete, Punjabi di Aawaz, Ashok Cheti, Kasturi, Ek si Anita, Chakk Number 36

Dhani Ram Chatrik (1876 to 1954)

He is concedered founder of modern Punjabi poetry.
He was founding President of Punjabi Sabha.
He published first Punjabi dictionary at his, Sudarshan Printing press.
Famous Poem –

Toodi Tand Sambh, Hadi Vich Vat K.

Lambarha Te Shahan, Da Hisab Katt K
Kashhe mar vanjali. Anand Chha Gaya
Marda Damane jatt mele aa gaya
His Works include Phullan di Taukri, Bharthi Hari Bikramjit, Nal Damyanti, Chandan Vadi, Dharamvir, Kesar Kiari, Navan Jahan, Noor Jahan Badshah be Sufi Khana

Bulle Shah – 1680-1757

Born in Uch. (Pakistan) (Bahavalpur Punjab)
Father Shah Mohammad Darwaish.
Tomb of Bulle Shah is in Kasur (Pakistan)
His father was migrant from Uzbekistan

Shardha Ram Phillauri – (1837-1881)

Punjabi missionary, Social reformer, Astrologer.
Father of modern Punjabi prose.
Born in Phillaur (Jalandhar)
His important Noval “Bhagyawati”.

Books

Sikha da raj di vithiya.
He translated bible into Punjabi.
Om Jai Jagdish Hare (Aarti)
Punjabi Batcheet
Satya Dharam Muktavali

Rajinder Singh Bedi (1915-84)

He was a Urdu writer, film director ad dialogue writer.
He wrote dialogues for films, like Abiman, Anupama, Satyakam, Madhumati
He was director of movie, “Dastak” 1970 Phagun, 1973.

Novals

Ek Chader Maili Si, Muthi Bhar Chawal
Sahitya Academy Award – 1965 (for Ek Chader Maili Si)
He got – Gahalib Award – 1978
Punjab government started, “ Rajinder Singh Bedi Award for, urdu literature.

Faiz Ahmad Faiz – (1911-84)

Urdu and Punjabi poet (In Pakistan). He was member of Anjuman Society. He was a Marxist writer. He got Lenin peace prize by USSR. He started “Progressive Writers Movement”.
Works include Nagah-i-Faryadi, Dast-e-Saba, Zind Nama, Mere Dil Mere Musafar.

Sahir Ludhainavi – (1921-80)

Urdu, Hindi poet & Lyricist. Born in Ludhaina, (friend of Amrita Pritam.). Ist work “Talkhyan”
Ist movie for which he wrote songs. Azadi Ki Rah Par, Nawjawan
Baazi – Important Song Mai pal do pal ka shayar hu
Film fare award – 1964 – Jo Wada Kia (Taj Mahal), 1977 – Kabhi Kabhi Mere Dil Mein

Pash – (Avtar Singh Pash)

Works include Loh Katha, Udadyan Bajan Magar, Sade Samyian Vich, Khilrey Hoye Varke
He was a revolutionary Punjabi poet. In 1988, killed in militant attack as he use to write against militancy in Punjab.

Harbhajan Singh – (Poet) 1920-2004

In 1969, he got Sahitya Academy Award for his work. “Na Dhuppe Na Chhaven”.
Important Works include Registan Vich Lakarhare”
Got Kabir Samman – Given by Mahdya Pradesh Government

Jaswant Singh Kanwal

Hail from Moga district, Punjab.
Short story writes and Novalist. He had leaning towards leftism.
Later he become supporter of Kahlistan movement.
His most important Noval “Lahoo Di Lo”. This noval is based on naxal movement in punjab.
He got Sahitya Akademy fellowship in 1996 for his short story. “Palhi” (Hand Pan)
He got “Sahitya Academy Award” 1998 for his work. “Taushali Di Hanso.”

Other Works

Punajbio Marna Hai Ki Jeena, Khoon Ke Sahle Gave eh Nanak, Muqti Marg, Haani, Roop Dhara, Jera, Jungli De Sher, Raat Baki Hai, Puranmashi, Mittar Pyare nu, Gora Mukh Sanjana Da, Pall, Soch nu Phansi, Rooh da Haan, Dev Dass, Chikhash De Kanural, Zindagi Door Nahi, Kande, Sandhur, Hal Muridan Da, Apna Kaumi Ghar, Jittnama, Juhu Da Moti, Sundran, Baraf De Agg, Aradhna, Haunka Te Muskaan, Jeevan Kahaniyan, Sikh Jaddo Jehd, Marn Mitran De Agge, Lamme Walan Di Peer, Gwadhi Pug, Tarikh Vekhdi Hai.

Hafeez Jallundhari

Born in Jallandhar – 1900
Pakistani Urdu Punjabi Poet
Wrote National Antham for Pakistan. He also wrote Antham for so called Azad Kashmir.
He took part in Pakistan movement, wrote many songs favouring Pakistan.

Muhammad Iqbal – (1877-1938)

Born in Sialkot
He was Persian, Urdu Poet, scholar, Politician
Wrote a book. “The Reconstruction of Religious thought in Islam”.
He was a important member of `All India Muslim League”.
He was later officially declared “National poet” of Pakistan.

Mulk Raj Anand – (1905 to 2004)

A English writer, Born in Peshawar. He studied in Khalsa College Amritsar.
During his tender age, he was shocked by suicide incident of his Aunt, who was communication by his family because she had lunch with a muslim.
He wrote against caste rigidities in Indian society.
His first and foremost noval was “Untouchable”.
He is also known as India Charles Dickens
His works –
The Village, Across the black water, The Sword and Sickle, Coolie.
The private life of an Indian prince
Seven Summers (Autobiography). (Its first part, “Morning face” won him, Sahitya Academy Award 1968)
He started one monthly journal. “Marg”.

Khushwant Singh

Born on February 2, 1915 in Hodali village in Punjab (Pakistan).
Father Sir Sobha Singh. (Builder)
His most important Noval “Train to Pakistan” written 1956 about tragedy of partition.
In 1984 he return his Padam Bhushan
He got Padam Vibhushan 2007.
His newspaper column “With malice towards one and All” has been very popular.

His works

The mark of Vishnu and other stories, The History of Sikhs (1953), The voice of Good, I shall not hear the Nightingale, The Sikhs today, History of Sikhs – 1963, Ranjit Singh. Maharaja of Punjab, Ghadar 1915: India’s First Armed Revolution, History of Sikhs (1966), A Bride of Sahib and other stories, Black Jasmine, Tragedy of Punjab, Delhi: A Noval, Sex, Scotch and Scholarship, Not a Nice man to know:- Khushwant Singh, We Indian, Women and Men in my life, Uncertain Liasions: Sex, Strife and togetherness in urban India, The Company of women, Truth, love and a little malice (Autobiography), The End of India, Burial at the sea, Paradise and other stories, History of Sikhs (2004), Death at my doorstep, History of Sikhs 2005, The illustrated history of Sikhs – (2009), Why I supported the emergency – 2009

Romila Thapar

A Historian – Born in 1931
Principle area of work – Ancient Indian History.
Graduated from “Punjab University.” She did her doctorate under. “A.L. Bhasham’.
Became professor in J.N.U.

Her Works –

Ashoke: The decline of Mauryas, Ancient Indian Social History, Recent perspective of Early Indian History, A History of India, Early India `From Origin’ to 1300 AD

Vikram Seth

Born in 1952 in Calcutta
He is Indian poet and Novalist
His mother, Leila was first women Judged in Delhi High Court and Ist women to become Chief Justice of Shimla High Court.

His Works

A suitable boyer, The Golden Gate, An equal music, Two lives (Autobiography), A suitable girl, From Heaven Lake

His poetry books

Mapping, The Humble Administrators Garden, All you who sleep tonight, Beastly Tales, Three Chinese poets, The Frog and the Nightingale.

Kartar Singh Duggal

Born in 1917 in Village Dhamal, Rawalpindi (Pakistan).
He wrotes in Punjabi, Urdu, Hindi and English.

His works

Short stories include Birth of a song, Come back my master, Dangar (animal), IKK Chhit Chanan Di, Navan Ghar, Sonar Bangla, Tarkalan Vele.
Poetry books include Veehveen Sadi Te Hor Kavitavan, Tere Bhanhe (your wishes)
Novels include Sarad Poonam Ki Raat, Band Darwaze, Mitti Musalmman Ki
He got Sahitya Academy Award, Padam Bhushan, Ghalib award, (Punjabi, writer of millennium award (By Punjab Government).

Ved Parkash Mehta

He was born in 1934 in Lahare. He became blind at the age of four. So he studied in “Dadar School for Blind”. Bombay
His Works
Face to Face (autobiography), Walking the Indian Streets
Fly and Fly bottle, The new Theologians, Delinquet Chacha, Portrait of India, John is easy to please, Daddy ji
Mahatma Gandhi and his apostles, The New India, A family affair India under three Prime Ministers, All for love.

Partap Sharma

He was born in 1939 in Lahore
He is a Novalist and author of Children books.
He was a good Actor also.
His works.
The Surangini Tales, Dog Detective Ranjha, The little master of the Elephant, Top Dog, Days of the Turban, A touch of Brightness, Zen Katha, Sammy, Begum Sumroo, He got national award for his role in move “Phir Bhi”.

Tariq Ali

He was born in 1943 in Lahore. (His maternal grandfather was Sikander Hyat Khan)
His works
Pakistan: Military Rule or peoples power, 1968 and after: Inside the revolution, Trotsky for beginners, Can Pakistan Survive: The death of a state, Who’s Afraid of Margaret Thatcher?, The Stalinist Legacy, The Nehru and Gandhis, Street fighting years: An Autobiography of Sixties, Revolution from above, Iranian Nights, Mascow Gold, Necklace, Ugli Rumours, Marching in the streets, The Stone Women, Master of the Universe: NATO’s Balkan crusade, The assassination : who killed Indira Gandhi, The Duel: Pakistan on the Flight Path of American Power, The idea of communism (2009).

Kuldip Nayar

Born in 1923 in Sialkot
He is well known journalist in Urdu, Punjabi and English
He was appointed High Commissioner to England in 1990. He became members of Rajya Sabha in 1997.
His Works
Between the lines, Distant Neighbour: A Tale of subcontinent, India after Nehru, Wall at Wagah, India Pakistan Relationship, The Martyre, Scoop, India House, The Day Looks old. (Autobiography), Without Fear: The life and trial of Bhagat Singh.

Arun Shourie

He was born in 1941 in Jalandhar. He is a journalist, Novalist, author. He work in World Bank as a Economist. He also joined BJP.
His Works includes Worshipping false Gods. (He is critical Dr. Ambedkar in this book.), A Secular Agenda, Eminent Historians; Their Technology, This line, This Fraud, Falling over backwards. An essay against reservation, Governance and the sclerosis that has set in, Are we Deceiving ourself again, Where will all this take us, Courts and their judgements, Harvesting our souls, Hinduism: Essence and Conquesis, Indian controversion, Institutions in the janak phase, Missionaries in India, Mrs Gandhis second reign, Only Fatherland: communist, Quit India and the Soviet Union, Religion in Politics, A Secular Agenda, Symptoms of Fascism, The World of Fatwas.

Surinder Kaur (1929-2006)

She was Punjabi folk singer.
She is known as “Nightingale of Punjab.”
She was born 1929 in Lahore. She died in 2006 in new Jersy.
She got Sangeet Natak Academy Award 1984 Padma Shri in 2006.

Kuldeep Manak

His name is Latif Muhammad. He is a Punjabi folk Singer, known especially for singing Punjabi Kaliyan.
He was born in Village Jalal, in Bathinda in house of Nikka Khan in 1949.
His son Yudhvir Manak is also a singer.
His first album was “Teri Khatir Heere” was recorded in 1976.

Amar Singh Chamkila

His original name was Dani Ram. He was born in 1961 in Dugri, Ludhiana.
His three important Album.
Baba Tera Nankana
Talwar Mai Kalgidhar di han
Naam Jap le
In 1988, he was killed in Village, Mehsopur.
Surinder Shinda is concedered his mentor, Teacher, promoter and Guru.

Gurdas Mann

He was born January 4, 1957 in small town Giddarhbaha, Mukatsar, Punjab.
His first Hit song was `Dil Da Mamla’ He did master degree in Physical Education from N.I.S. (National Institute of Sports” in Patiala.
He won bronze medal in national athletic championship. He also achieved Black belt in Judo.
Name of his wife is Manjit Kaur and Son Gurikk.
His Ist album in 1981 was “Del Da Mamla Hai”. His first movie was “Ucha Dar Babe Nanak Da” in 1982.

Malkiat Singh

Malkit Singh (Baparai), born in 1963 in Jallandhar, Hussainpur village.
His name is recorded in “Guinness book of world record” as biggest selling Bhangra artist of all time. He is also appointed “member of the order of the British Empire” in 2008, new year honour. He is only Asian who has received this honour.
The Ist album of Malkit Singh was “Nach Gidde Vich”.
He has performed in 27 countries, breaking the world record of Micheal Jackson for performing in maximum number of countries.

Manmohan Waris

He was born in 1970 in village Halluwal in district Hoshiarpur, Punjab.
His Ist album was `Gaairan Nal Pinghan Jhootdiyan” in 1993.
He and his broher, Kamal Heer is famous for Punjabi Virsa series.

Hans Raj Hans

He was born in village Shafipur, Jallandhar, in a poor peasant family.
His first album was “Jogian De Kanna Vich” in 1983.
He was declared Lok Gayek of Punjab by Punjab Government. He was also awarded “Punjab State Singer Award” by Punjab government.
Recently he got Padam Shri Award. He is first Punjabi folk singer to receive this Award. He is also first Punjabi folk Singer from Indian who performed in Gaddafi Stadium Lahore, Pakistan
He unsuccessfully contested Lok Sabh elections from Jalandhar constituency in General election 2009.

Miss Pooja

Original name, “Gurinder kaur Kainth.” Born 1979 in Rajpuru, Patiala.
He is a music teacher in Rajpura
He Ist Album was “Jaan To Piyari” released in 2006.
Her Ist Punjabi movie is `Punjaban’ having double role in movie.

Aalam Lahar

Prominent Punjabi folk Singer of Pakistan.
He invented “Jugni”, a Punjabi folktale.
He born in a family of blacksmith. So he is known as Lahar.
He has Sung `Heer’ in 36 style, which is considered his unique contribution.
He died in an accident in 1979. His Son Arif Lahar is also a famous singer.
His famous albums are
Dharti Panj Daryavan Di, Dil Wala Dukhara, Saiful Malook, Qissa Hazarat Yousaf, Mar Ke Modha hauli Jaye Sorry Aakh Gaye, Bol Mitti Diye Bawiya, Jugni, Qissa Karbla, Kalam Babe Bulle Shah.

छोटे Courses बड़े Results

Master Others

Prepare through Micro-courses