International Organisations 1.0

SAARC

SAARC – An Overview

1. SAARC was founded by seven states in 1985.
2. In 2005, Afghanistan requested its accession to SAARC and formally applied for membership in the same year.
3. This organization was formed in Dhaka on December 8, 1985, and its secretariat is based in Kathmandu, Nepal.
4. SAARC Potential future members – Turkey and Russia have also applied for SAARC membership.
5. SAARC comprises of 8 member states and 9 observer states –

SAARC – Historical background

1. The idea of regional cooperation in South Asia was first initiated in May 1980. The Foreign Secretaries of the then seven countries met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981. Five key areas for regional cooperation were identified and with time other important areas were added later.
2. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation was set up when its Charter was formally adopted on 8 December 1985 by the Heads of State or Government of India, Bangladesh, Maldives, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan.

Areas of Cooperation Among SAARC Nations

• Agriculture and Rural Development
• Human Resource Development and Tourism
• Economic, Trade and Finance
• Social Affairs
• Environment, Natural Disasters and Biotechnology
• Education, Security and Culture and Others
• Information and Poverty Alleviation
• Energy, Transport, Science and Technology

SAARC – Objectives

The main motto of the organization is to work towards a common goal of achieving social, cultural, economic growth for all the people within the South Asia region.

The objectives of SAARC, as defined in its charter, are as follows:

• Promote the welfare of the peoples of South Asia and improve their quality of life
• Accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in the region by providing all individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and realize their full potential
• Promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia
• Contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another’s problems
• Promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical, and scientific fields
• Strengthen co-operation with other developing countries
• Strengthen co-operation among themselves in international forums on matters of common interest; and
• Cooperate with international and regional organizations with similar aims and purposes.

SAARC Principles

Cooperation within the framework of the SAARC shall be based on:

• Respect for the principles of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference in the internal affairs of other States and mutual benefit.
• Such cooperation shall not be a substitute for bilateral and multilateral cooperation but shall complement them.
• Such cooperation shall not be inconsistent with bilateral and multilateral obligations.

SAARC – Structure

SAARC has the following structure:

1. Council – It is the apex policy-making body. The council is represented by government heads of the respective member countries.
2. Council of Ministers – The Council of Ministers comprises the foreign ministers and they meet generally two times annually.

Council of Ministers – Functions

1. Policy formulation
2. Reviewing the progress of regional cooperation
3. Identifying newer areas of cooperation, and
4. Setting up additional mechanisms as required

Standing Committee

It comprises the foreign secretariat of the member countries. The major functions of the standing committee are stated below:

1. To monitor and coordinate the programs
2. To deal with modalities of financing
3. To mobilize cooperation within and outside the region

Programming Committee

It comprises senior officials of the member governments. The major functions of this committee are as follows:

1. Finalizing the annual meet schedule
2. Budget scrutinization
3. External activities assigned by the standing committee

Technical Committee

It consists of representatives of the member nations. The major functions of the committee are as follows:

1. To formulate projects and monitor the same
2. To submit reports

Secretariat

It is headed by the Secretary-general appointed by the Council of Ministers.The main functions of the Secretariat are as follows:

1. Coordination and execution of activities conducted by SAARC
2. Monitoring the SAARC meetings
3. Work as a communication link between SAARC and other international summits and forums.

SAARC – Regional Centres

Regional Centres established in Member Countries are the supporting pillars to the secretariat for promoting regional cooperation. These Regional Centres are managed by respective Governing entities comprising representatives from Member States, SAARC Secretary-General, and the Ministry of Foreign/External Affairs of the host government.

The Regional Integrated Programme of Action covers the following aspects:

1. Agriculture and Rural Development
2. Women, Youth, and Children
3. Health and Population Activities
4. Science and Technology and Meteorology
5. Environment and Forestry
6. Human Resource Development, and
7. Transport

Significance of SAARC

1. SAARC is the world’s most densely populated region and one of the most fertile areas. It comprises 3% of the world’s area, 21% of the world’s population and 3.8% (US$2.9 trillion) of the global economy.
2. SAARC countries synergize their actions as they have the common tradition, dress, food and culture, and political aspects.
3. The SAARC nations have problems and solutions to the problems in common such as poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, natural disasters, internal conflicts, industrial and technological backwardness, low GDP, and poor socio-economic condition. These nations uplift their living standards by creating common areas of development.

Importance of SAARC for India

1. SAARC is a game-changer for India’s Act East Policy. It links South Asian economies with Southeast Asian that will further boost economic integration and prosperity to India mainly in the Services Sector.
2. Primacy to the country’s immediate neighbors.
3. Nations of SAARC help in the creation of mutual trust and peace within the region thus promoting stability.
4.  SAARC can engage Nepal, Bhutan, the Maldives, and Sri Lanka in economic cooperation and development process to counter China
5. SAARC offers a platform to India to showcase its leadership in the region by taking up extra responsibilities.

Achievements of SAARC

1. A Free Trade Area is established by the member countries to increase their internal trade and lessen the trade gap of some states considerably. SAARC is comparatively a new organization in the global arena.
2. SAARC Free Trade Agreement – SAFTA was signed to reduce customs duties of all traded goods to zero by the year 2016. The agreement was confined to goods, but excluding all services like information technology.
3. South Asia Preferential Trading Agreement – SAPTA for promoting trade amongst the member countries came into effect in 1995.
4. SAARC Agreement on Trade in Services – SATIS is following the GATS-plus ‘positive list’ approach for trade in services liberalization.
5. SAARC University – Establish a SAARC university in India, a food bank, and also an energy reserve in Pakistan.

SAARC – Specialized Bodies

The specialized bodies are created by the member states and their structure is different from the regional centers. The management is taken care of by the representatives of the member states, ministry of foreign affairs of the host government.

The different SAARC specialized bodies are given below:

1. SAARC Arbitration Council (SARCO) – Pakistan
2. SAARC Development Fund (SDF) – Bhutan
3. South Asian University (SAU) – India
4. South Asian Regional Standards Organization (SARSO) – Dhaka

The detailed description of SAARC specialized bodies are given below-

1. SAARC Arbitration Council
   • It is an inter-governmental body having its office in Pakistan is mandated to provide a legal framework/forum within the region for fair and efficient settlement of commercial, industrial, trade, banking, investment, and such other disputes, as may be referred to it by the member states and their people.

SAARC Development Fund (SDF): Its primary objective is the funding of project-based collaboration in social sectors such as poverty alleviation, development, etc.

• SDF is governed by a Board consisting of representatives from the Ministry of Finance of the Member States. The Governing Council of SDF (Finance Ministers of MSs) oversees the functioning of the Board.

South Asian Regional Standards Organization

• South Asian Regional Standards Organization (SARSO) has its Secretariat at Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• It was established to achieve and enhance coordination and cooperation among SAARC member states in the fields of standardization and conformity assessment and is aimed to develop harmonized Standards for the region to facilitate intra-regional trade and to have access in the global market.

South Asian University

• South Asian University (SAU) is an international university, located in India. Degrees and Certificates awarded by the SAU are at par with the respective Degrees and Certificates awarded by the National Universities/ Institutions.

Challenges with SAARC

1. Relation between India and Pakistan escalated tensions and conflicts severely hampers the prospects of SAARC.
2. The frequency of SAARC meetings is low. More engagements between member nations are required instead of biennial meetings SAARC nations should meet annually.
3. The energy and resources are diverted due to the Broad area of cooperation.
4. The implementation of the SAARC Free Trade Agreement has not been satisfactory.

Way Forward with SAARC

1. In a region increasingly targeted by Chinese investment and loans, SAARC could be a common platform to demand more sustainable alternatives for development, or to oppose trade tariffs together, or to demand better terms for South Asian labour around the world.
2. SAARC, as an organisation, reflects the South Asian identity of the countries, historically and contemporarily. This is a naturally made geographical identity. Equally, there is a cultural, linguistic, religious and culinary affinity that defines South Asia.
3. The member countries should explore the potential of SAARC in maintaining peace and stability in the region.
4. SAARC should be allowed to progress naturally and the people of South Asia, who make up a quarter of the world’s population should be offered more people-to-people contact.

ASEAN History

ASEAN was established on 8th August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration (a.k.a ASEAN Declaration) by the founding fathers of the countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and the Philippines. The preceding organisation was the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA) comprising of Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia.

Five other nations joined the ASEAN in subsequent years making the current membership to ten countries.

ASEAN Members

• Thailand (founding member)
• The Philippines (founding member)
• Malaysia (founding member)
• Singapore (founding member)
• Indonesia (founding member)
• Brunei (joined in 1984)
• Vietnam (joined in 1995)
• Lao PDR (joined in 1997)
• Myanmar (joined in 1997)
• Cambodia (joined in 1999)

There are two observer States namely, Papua New Guinea and Timor Leste (East Timor).

ASEAN Members by Human Development Index 2020-21

ASEAN Purpose

1. Accelerating economic growth, cultural development, and social progress in the region by joint initiatives in the spirit of partnership and equality to cement the foundation for a peaceful and strong community of SE Asian countries.
2. Promoting peace and stability in the region by incorporating respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationships between nations and adherence to the United Nations principles.
3. Promoting active collaboration and mutual assistance in subjects of common interest in social, economic, cultural, administrative, scientific, and technical domains.
4. Assisting member countries via training and research facilities in the educational, administrative, technical, and professional domains.
5. Cooperating for better usage of agriculture and industries, trade expansion (including studying the problem of international commodity trade), improving communication and transportation facilities, and improving living standards among the people.
6. Promoting SE Asian studies.
7. Exploring more avenues for further cooperation among themselves, and maintaining close and advantageous cooperation with other international groupings of similar objectives.

ASEAN Fundamental Principles

1. Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations;
2. The right of every State to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coercion;
3. Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another;
4. Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner;
5. Renunciation of the threat or use of force; and
6. Effective cooperation among themselves.

ASEAN Headquarters

• The body is headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia.
• Secretary-General: Dato Lim Jock Hoi
• Official Languages: Burmese, Filipino, Indonesian, Khmer, Lao, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil, Thai and Vietnamese
• Working Language: English

BRICS

BRICS is an association with more than 40% of the global population and with 25% of the global GDP (nominal GDP of US$16.039 trillion) and an estimated US$4 trillion in combined forex. Bilateral relations are conducted mainly on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.

Originally the first four were grouped as “BRIC” (or “the BRICs”) before the induction of South Africa in 2010. The BRICS have a combined area of 39,746,220 km2 (15,346,101.0 sq mi) and an estimated total population of about 3.21 billion,or about 26.656% of the world land surface and 41.53% of the world population.

The 11th summit of the BRICS grouping comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa was held in Brasilia on 13th & 14th November 2019. The 12th summit (Russia) of BRICS was held on 17th Nov, 2020 via videoconference. 

BRICS Summits – 13 Summit 

BRICS – Objectives

1. One of the major objectives of the grouping is broadening, deepening, and intensifying cooperation among the member countries for mutually beneficial, sustainable and equitable development.
2. Every member’s growth and development are considered to ensure that relations are built on the economic strengths of individual countries and eliminate competition wherever possible.
3. Such diverse objectives allow BRICS to emerge as an innovative and encouraging Political-Diplomatic entity that was earlier formed just to resolve the global financial issues and reform institutions.