World Bank’s Poverty line
• The approach of poverty estimation by the World Bank is similar to that employed in India  and in most of the developing countries. The World Bank estimates of poverty are  based on the poverty line of US $1.25 per person per day measured at 2005 international price and adjusted to local currency using PPP (Purchasing Power Parity).
• The international poverty line is worked out as the average of national poverty lines in poorest fifteen countries (in terms of consumption per capita).For this world bank runs as ‘International Comparison Program’.
• In October 2015, the World Bank updated the international poverty line to $1.90 a day. The new figure of $1.90 is based on ICP purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations and represents the international equivalent of what $1.90 could buy in the US in 2011. The new IPL replaces the $1.25 per day figure, which used 2005 data.
• All this is essential for making International comparisons. Further, performance of a country on this front is major criteria for eligibility or other terms and condition for Loans.But it is not of much relevance for domestic policy making as it fails to provide variation within a country, region, society etc. Domestic poverty line in contrast tries to capture all local variations such as Inter-state or Rural-urban.

World Bank Poverty Line for India:
Recently World Bank estimation shows that the country’s poverty rate has been reduced from 21.9 per cent to 12.4 per cent for 2011-12. The World Bank data shows that India is overestimating while counting the number of poor.

Concept of Hunger:
The problem of hunger is complex.Thus there are different terms to describe its different forms.
• Hunger is usually understood to refer to the distress associated with lack of sufficient calories. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) defines food  deprivation, or undernourishment, as the consumption of too few calories to provide the minimum amount of dietary energy that each individual requires to live a healthy and productive life, given his or her sex, age, stature, and physical activity level.
• Undernutrition goes beyond calories and signifies deficiencies in any or all of the following: energy, protein, or essential vitamins and minerals. Undernutrition is the result of inadequate intake of food in terms of either quantity or quality, poor utilization of nutrients due to infections or other illnesses, or a combination of these factors. These  in turn are caused by a range of factors including household food insecurity; inadequate maternal health or childcare practices;or inadequate access to health services, safe water, and sanitation.
• Malnutrition refers more broadly to both undernutrition (problems of deficiencies) and overnutrition (problems of unbalanced diets, such as consuming too many calories in relation to requirements with or without low intake of micronutrient-rich foods).
• In Global Hunger Index Report, “hunger” refers to the index based on the four component indicators. Taken together, the component indicators reflect deficiencies in calories as well as in micronutrients.

Features of the Global Hunger Index (GHI)
• The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a tool designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and national levels.
• The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) calculates GHI scores each year since 2006 to assess progress and setbacks in combating hunger.
• In the year 2018, IFPRI stepped back from this role. This was taken over by Welthungerhilfe together with Concern Worldwide.
• Concern Worldwide works with the world's poorest people to transform their lives. It is an international humanitarian organisation dedicated to tackling poverty and suffering in  the world’s poorest countries.
• Welthungerhilfe is one of the largest private aid organisations in Germany, independent of politics and religion. It was established in 1962, as the German section of the "Freedom from Hunger Campaign".
• The GHI is designed to raise awareness and understanding of the struggle against hunger, provide a means to compare the levels of hunger between countries and regions, and call attention to the areas of the world in greatest need of additional resources to eliminate hunger.

Indicators of GHI:
To capture the multidimensional nature of hunger, GHI scores are based on four indicators:
- UNDERNOURISHMENT: the share of the population that is undernourished (that is, whose caloric intake is insufficient).
- CHILD WASTING: the share of children under the age of five who are wasted (that is, who have low weight for their height, reflecting acute undernutrition.
- CHILD STUNTING: the share of children under the age of five who are stunted (that is, who have low height for their age, reflecting chronic undernutrition).
- CHILD MORTALITY: the mortality rate of children under the age of five (a reflection of the inadequate nutrition and unhealthy environments).

How are the GHI scores calculated?
GHI scores are calculated using a three-step process:
1. Values for each of the four component indicators are determined from the available data for each country. The four indicators are undernourishment, child wasting, child stunting, and child mortality.
2. Each of the four component indicators is given a standardized score on a 100-point scale,based on the highest observed level for the indicator globally.
3. Standardized scores are aggregated to calculate the GHI score for each country, with each of the three dimensions (inadequate food supply, child mortality, and child
undernutrition, which is composed equally of child stunting and child wasting) given equal weight.
4. This calculation results in GHI scores on a 100-point scale, where 0 is the best score (no hunger) and 100 is the worst.In practice, neither of these extremes is reached. A value of 0 would mean that a country had no undernourished people in the population, no children younger than five who were wasted or stunted, and no children who died  before their fifth birthday. A value of 100 would signify that a country’s undernourishment, child wasting, child stunting, and child mortality levels were each at approximately the highest levels observed worldwide in recent decades.