Which of the following is a valid privity as per section 18 of the Evidence Act ........

Indian Evidence Act (IEA) 1872 Relevancy of Facts

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Which of the following is a valid privity as per section 18 of the Evidence Act?

Privies in blood, such as heir, an ancestor, and coparceners.

Privies in law, as executor and testator, administrator and a person dying intestate.

Privies in estate or interest, as vendor and purchaser, lessor and lessee, mortgagor and mortgagee, donor and donee.

All of them

Explanation:

Let’s break it down:

- Privies in blood: This just means people related by blood, like an heir to an ancestor, or people who share property by right of family—think coparceners.

- Privies in law: Here, the connection is legal, not just familial. So, an executor handling the will of a testator, or an administrator for a person who died without a will.

- Privies in estate or interest: This is about property or rights—like between a vendor and purchaser (buyer and seller), lessor and lessee (landlord and tenant), mortgagor and mortgagee, or donor and donee.

- All of them: Section 18 of the Evidence Act covers privity in all these senses—blood, law, and estate.

So, the correct answer is:

Option:4- All of them