Explanation:

- Option 1: A dying declaration must be expressed either verbally or in writing by the deceased.

- Option 2: The statement needs to concern the circumstances and causes of the individual’s demise.

- Option 3: The cause of the person’s death must be under investigation or pertinent to the case.

Answer: Option 4: All of the above

- A dying declaration encompasses all the criteria mentioned. It is a statement by a person who believes they are about to die, relating to how they came to be in that condition.