Explanation:

- Option 1: Estoppel by record

- This arises from judicial decisions within court records.

- It prevents parties from relitigating identical issues.

- Option 2: Estoppel by deed

- Occurs when agreements or deeds prevent parties from denying agreed-upon facts later on.

- Often relates to property or contractual matters.

- Option 3: Estoppel in pais

- Also known as equitable estoppel.

- Prevents individuals from going back on assurances if someone else has relied on them.

- Option 4: All of them

- Covers all types of estoppels: by record, by deed, and in pais.