Context

• In a significant and welcome change from their earlier demand for a return to paper ballots, representatives of a large section of the mainstream Opposition parties met the Election Commission (ECI) to demand changes to the Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail counting process during the general elections.

Returning to paper ballots will be regressive

• The Electronic Voting Machine process, despite the plethora of grievances about its functioning from the Opposition parties, is a major improvement over paper-based voting.

• There has been no evidence of EVM-tampering as claimed by some parties, and administrative and technical safeguards instituted by the ECI and EVM manufacturers have held steady since the introduction of the EVM.

Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail

• Despite this, the ECI had fast-tracked the implementation of the VVPAT, an adjunct to the EVM that allows for a paper trail for voting and later verification of the electronically registered mandate in the ballot unit of the EVM.

• VVPATs are now deployed in all Assembly and parliamentary elections with EVMs.

Some misgivings remains

• This implementation has not been without some misgivings.

• The Opposition’s demand for a count of 50% of the VVPAT slips, as opposed to the current system of counting VVPAT slips in one randomly selected booth of each constituency, is aimed at ensuring that EVMs have not been tampered with.

• ECI safeguards are robust enough to prevent this, but VVPAT recounts could eliminate any remaining doubt about possible “insider fraud” by errant officials or manufacturers.

Whether counting one booth per constituency is statistically significant sample?

• While the demand to count half of all the slips is an over-reaction, as a scientifically and randomly chosen sample of booths is a reasonable enough verification for the process.

• However, there remains the question whether counting one booth per constituency is a statistically significant sample to rule out errors.

• A more robust sampling technique that factors in the average size of the electorate in any constituency for each State and voter turnout, involving the counting of more than a single booth in some States, may be a better method.

• The ECI’s response that it is waiting for a report on this from the Indian Statistical Institute should be encouraging.

Machine glitches

• The other issue with the VVPAT is more significant: machine glitches.

• During the parliamentary by-elections in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, and Assembly elections in Karnataka in 2018, VVPAT glitches resulted in machine replacement rates rising to 20% and 4%, respectively.

• Glitches in the VVPAT machines were largely due to spooling issues in the print unit, which was sensitive to extreme weather.

• Some hardware-related changes were introduced, which improved its functioning in the recent elections in five States

• Machine replacement rates due to VVPAT failures came down to 1.89% for Chhattisgarh.

• Deployment of improved machines should help curb glitches in the Lok Sabha elections.

Way Forward

• Seeking a count of 50% of VVPAT slips seems to be way too much.

• The focus should be on ending Electronic Voting Machine glitches.