Introduction

• Air pollution is choking several cities in the northern States once again, as changes in temperature and slowing winds trap soot, dust and fine particulate matter.

Causes of air pollution in northern states

• The National Capital Region is badly hit, as the burning of agricultural residue in Punjab and Haryana is releasing large volumes of smoke containing, among other pollutants, highly damaging fine particulates, or PM2.5.
• Farm stubble burning is a major contributor to the problem, and its footprint may be growing because of wider use of mechanical harvesters that is producing more waste.
• The problem is aggravated by the burning of urban waste, diesel soot, vehicular exhaust, road and construction dust, and power generation.
• With the steady growth in the population of the capital and other cities, the trauma is set to worsen.

Effects of air pollution

• The UN Environment Programme’s recent report titled ‘Air Pollution in Asia and the Pacific: Science-Based Solutions’ has sounded a warning, pointing out that only 8% of the population in the countries of the region get to breathe air of acceptable quality.
• One study of degradation of Delhi’s air over a 10-year period beginning 2000 estimated premature mortality to have risen by as much as 60%.

Lack of consistent actions

• Although India has nine of the 10 most polluted cities in the world, it has not taken consistent action on pollution.
• Tens of millions live with ambient air quality that is well short of even the relaxed parameters the country has set for fine particulates, compared with those of the World Health Organisation.
• This year’s ‘severe’ air quality rating for Delhi and poor conditions prevailing in other cities in the Indo-Gangetic Plain should compel a decisive shift in policy.

Way forward

• India should give high importance to the WHO warning about air pollution being the new tobacco.
• The Centre and the State governments need to get into crisis mode to dramatically reduce emissions.
• They must address the burning of carbon, which is a direct source, and emissions with oxides of nitrogen and sulphur from vehicles that turn into fine particulates through atmospheric reactions.
• An innovative approach could be to use climate change funds to turn farm residues into a resource, using technological options such as converting them into biofuels and fertilizers.
• From an urban development perspective, large cities should reorient their investments to prioritise public transport, favouring electric mobility.
• The World Bank has said it is keen to enhance its lending portfolio to tackle air pollution, opening a new avenue for this.
• Governments should make the use of personal vehicles in cities less attractive through strict road pricing mechanisms.
• Sharply escalated, deterrent parking fees can be implemented.

Conclusion

• The critical issue of pollution control needs immediate attention.
• Failure to take sustainable and urgent measures will inflict long-term harm on public health, affecting children even more by putting them at higher risk for diseases.