Which among the following statements is are correct with regard to Zonal Intrazonal and Azonal Soils...........

Geography World - Soil and Vegetation

Which among the following statements is/are correct with regard to Zonal, Intrazonal and Azonal Soils?

1) Soil occurring over wide areas on well-drained land which have been there long enough for the climate and organisms to have expressed their full influence is called Zonal Soils.

2) Soils affected by some local conditions not involving climate or vegetation, such as poor drainage or those where parent material exerts a strong influence is Intrazonal soils.

3) Immature soils without well developed soil characteristics are called Azonal Soils.

Choose the appropriate code:

2&3 only

1&2 only

1&3 only

All of the above

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Explanation:

Zonal Soils:The zonal soils are formed on normal sites from ordinary siliceous rocks and show clearly the impress of climate and vegetation. In short, these are formed under conditions of good soil drainage through the prolonged action of climate and vegetation, e.g. chestnut soilsIntrazonal Soils:
The intrazonal soils include the soils from less common parent materials and those influenced by high ground water or under conditions of very poor drainage (such as in bogs, flood-plain meadows, or in the playa lake basins of the deserts) or upon limestone. Depending on the role played by water, presence of calcium in the parent material and the location, intra-zonal soils may be -
1) Hydromorphic
2) Calcimorphic
3) HalomorphicAzonal Soils:
The azonal soils are youthful, owing to recent renewal by sedimentation or erosion. This have no well-developed profile characteristics. These soils are common where the parent material is being continuously eroded and deposited, e.g. alluvial Soils (newer or younger Khadar and older Bhangar soils) or lithosols (those at high altitudes on resistant parent material). These soils have poorly developed horizons due to three reasons:
1) Lack of Time For instance, in new flood plains alluvium is being continually eroded and deposited.
2) Parent Material Azonal soils like ‘regosols’ result from loose sand and loess.
3) Geomorphology ‘Lithosols’ result on steep slopes where soil is eroded as soon as it is deposited.