Infrastructure Sector
Definitions:

Infrastructure is a key driver of the overall development of Indian economy. Infrastructure sector focuses on major infrastructure sectors such as power, roads and bridges, dams and urban infrastructure. “Infrastructure is generally understood as the basic building blocks required for an economy to function efficiently”. The National Statistical Commission headed by Dr. C. Rangarajan, attempted to identify infrastructure based on some characteristics. The Rangarajan Commission indicated six characteristics of infrastructure sectors:

Based on these features (except b, d, and e), the Commission recommended inclusion of following in infrastructure in the first stage:

Dr. Rakesh Mohan Committee in “The India Infrastructure Report” included:

• The World Bank treats power, water supply, sewerage, communication, roads & bridges, ports, airports, railways, housing, urban services, oil/ gas production and mining sectors as infrastructure.
• The Economic Survey considers power, urban services, telecommunications, posts, roads, ports, civil aviation, and railways under infrastructure sector.

Why do Infrastructure Matter for Growth & Development?

• There is, indeed, a plethora of anecdotal and more technical evidence that suggests development of infrastructure can lead to growth and development of an economy.
• The argument is particularly true for the developing countries which lack adequate infrastructure facilities. Intuitively, it should make sense to assume that the more developed a country is, the higher its infrastructure facilities and hence the lower the return from additional investment in roads, railways, ports etc. However, the less developed a country is, the more likely the infrastructure is to matter, because the returns from the Infrastructure development will be much more than the cost of the projects.
• Example: A massive road-building exercise in a poorly developed state can offer a one-time boost production activity and productivity of workers in the state.

Infrastructure Sectors & Growth

Any modern textbook on industrial economics or industrial organization will point out that for industries that enjoy network externalities (positive spill over effects/benefits to other sectors/industries), the social rate of return has to be higher than the private rate of return in these projects—assuming that the regulation does not allow the network externality to be turned into a private rent. In other words, their impact on GDP and its growth should be high. This explains for instance why the growth impact of the telecoms sector so often come out to be high. But for specific countries or regions, this could also be true for transport or electricity.

In general, however, all infrastructure subsectors can be good examples of sectors in which such network externalities can matter. This section reviews the main lessons available on each subsector on the growth impact of each infrastructure subsector.

Energy Sector

The importance of energy sector especially electricity in promoting growth and development via human development and physical development is well known. The single most reason obstructing the growth of the industrial sector in general and manufacturing in particular in India is deficiency of continuous power supply (electricity/electrification) to run factories.

Various studies have found out that, there exist a positive impact on energy infrastructure on the growth of an economy. Therefore, investing in the energy sector may be the safest bet to achieve a high growth. This should not be a surprise, energy is indeed an input into any of the other infrastructure subsectors—for instance, water for irrigation purpose is often pumped through the electric pumps.

Telecommunication

The impact of telecommunication on the growth is found to be maximum. The availability of fixed line phones and mobile phone penetration have effectively transformed the Indian economy and has given boost to Businesses like BPOs and KPOs (Knowledge Processing Outsourcing).

The recent growing research on the importance of the access to internet to increase competition in the private and public sector and from increasing competition to the higher social return and growth of industries is well documented.

Transport

For developing countries like India, the estimated growth effects of transport investments have been very strong. This has been a common finding in research over the last 20 years or so. This is not surprising since the transport facilities in India are weak. The main impact of improved transportation facilities on the development has to come from quality, from addressing bottlenecks or from capturing new network or suprational effects which have not been internalized in older designs of the transport networks.

In fact, studies have found, that for most of the developing countries, the construction of Roads, Railways, Highways, Airports and Sea Ports have contributed positively towards increasing growth.

For instance, roads are needed in Africa, if Africa wanted to match the growth rate of the rest of the world. Construction of Roads & Highways are essential to reduce differences across regions in India. Ports are needed in India, if India, wants to increase its exports and become a major player in the Global Economy.