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Chemical industry is based on two types of raw materials: natural like minerals, coal, petroleum, salts, potash, sulphur, limestone, gypsum and vegetable products and by products of other industries such as paper and pulp industry, iron and steel industry and gas manufacturing industry. Major factor for the location of chemical industry are availability of raw materials, cheaper means of transport for bulky materials, water supply, sources for energy and demand of chemicals in other industries.
The major industry based on mineral oil is its refining. The oil refining technology was developed in United States of America, Europe and former USSR. Earlier the refineries were generally located near the oil wells. The petrochemical industry developed in Europe and United States of America after the Second World War. The development of large tankers and pipelines facilitated the transportation of petroleum in bulk and this provided favourable conditions for locating the refineries and petro-chemical industries near the markets as well as ports.
America
Most of the petro-chemical complexes in North-America are located in the coastal regions. About 30 per cent of the oil in United States of America is refined along the Gulf of Mexico coast and another 15 per cent is refined on the Pacific Coast. The refineries located on the East Coast get crude oil from Venezuela and West Asia. The refined oil is transported from the Gulf Coast to the eastern region through pipelines and to the west by tankers. Petro-chemical complexes have developed in Philadelphia and Delaware in the eastern region and at Chicago and Toledo in the Great Lakes region.
Los Angeles has a big petrochemical complex on the western coast of United States. In Canada, Montreal has a large petro-chemical industry. The crude oil is brought from Portland and Maine through pipelines and by tankers from Venezuela. The other important petrochemical complex in Canada is located at Sarnia in Ontario province.
After the Second Wold War, a refinery was constructed in the Paraguayan Peninsula of Venezuela which receives crude oil through pipelines from the wells located near Maracaibo Lake.
Europe
The petro-chemical complexes in Europe are located near the markets where these products are demanded. The major complexes are located on the coasts of Southern North Sea and English Channel. Main centres are Antwerp, Rotterdam, Southampton and the cities located in the lower Sein Valley. The petro-chemical complexes of Germany are located in Ruhr region. The French refineries and petro-chemical complexes are concentrated between Le Havre-Roven and Marseilles including Paris and Lyons. The first petro-chemical complex in former Soviet Union was located at Baku and Grozny because the mineral oil was available from the Caucasian oil fields. New petro - chemical complexes are generally located near the consumption centres. Moscow, Volga, Ural and Soviet Central Asia are the main regions where new petro-chemical complexes have been recently located.
West Asia
The largest refinery in West Asia is located at Abadan (Iran). West Asia is a large producer of petroleum but there is little demand because the region is not industrially developed. Thus, most of the petrochemical complexes are located on the coasts in order to facilitate export. Saudi Arabia has a large petro-chemical complex at Ras Tanura while Mina-el-Ahmadi is the largest petro-chemical complex of Kuwait.
World-chemical and petrochemical industries
India
The largest petro-chemical complex In India was established by Union Carbide at Trombay (Mumbai). A petrochemical complex has been developed along with refinery at Koeli in Vadodra. Indian Petro Chemical Corporation has been established under public sector. It has started a petrochemical complex at Jawahar Nagar near Vadodara. Bongaigaon in Assam is another petro-chemical complex under the public sector. Haldia (West Bengal) and Barauni (Bihar) have been established for petro-chemical processing.
Three large fertiliser complexes are being developed at Bijaipur, Sawai Madhopur and Jagdishpur by utilising the gas brought through HBJ (Hazira-Bijaipur-Jagdishpur) pipelines. The Mathura refinery has started diversification of products besides refining the oil.
By: ABHISHEK KUMAR GARG ProfileResourcesReport error
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