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45.36 crore people i.e. 37 per cent of the population or every third citizen of India is a migrant —now settled in a place different from their previous residence. Between 2001 and 2011, the total number of migrants in India rose by 44.35 per cent from 31.45 crore in 2001. During the same period, India’s population grew 17.64 per cent.
Most of the migrants, around 70 per cent, are females. Most people, 49 per cent, migrate for marriage (While globally, migration is attempt by people to survive and prosper, in India, marriage appears to be the biggest reason why people migrate) Lesser Indians are now relocating for work and employment — 10.2 per cent in 2011, down from 14.4 per cent in 2001.
Between 2001-2011, marriage was the dominant reason for migration among women, as was the case in previous two decades. Around 21.7 crore of the 31.2 crore female migrants — 69.7 per cent —cited this reason. 65.9 per cent women in 1981-1991 and 64.9 per cent in 1991-2001 migrated due to the same reason. For men, 'work and employment' was the top reason, mentioned by three crore of the 14 crore male migrants.Further, data show that bulk of the migrants (64 per cent) moved more than 10 years ago, up from 54 per cent in 2001.
Some states like Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana attract migrants from other states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, etc. As per census 2001, Maharashtra occupied first place in the list with 2.3 million net in-migrants, followed by Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana. On the other hand, Uttar Pradesh (-2.6 million) and Bihar (-1.7 million) were the states, which had the largest number of net out-migrants from the state. Among the urban agglomeration (UA), Greater Mumbai received the higher number of in migrants. Intrastates migration constituted the largest share in it. These differences are largely due to the size of the state in which these Urban Agglomeration are located.
As per Census 2011: MIGRATION patterns in India are increasingly reflecting the economic divide in the country, with more migrants over the last decade heading to the southern states, which have grown at a faster clip during this period.
The only other states which have shown a higher growth of migrant population are Meghalaya and Manipur, where the number of migrants has grown by 108 per cent and 97 per cent respectively.
The socio-economic development of the southern states is considerably higher and that attracts people. Another factor is that because of better education levels and awareness, local residents of these areas get drawn towards better economic opportunities. This vacuum that gets created gets filled up by people from outside. These developed areas face a crisis of manpower, especially for low-skilled jobs, which leads to migration.
There are some important characteristics of the migrants and migration. An important characteristic is the age selectivity of the migrants. Generally, young people are more mobile. Most migration studies, especially in developing countries, have found that rural-urban migrants are predominantly young adults. It is obvious that migration for employment takes place mostly at the young adult ages. Also a major part of the female migration consequential to marriage occurs at the young adult ages. The female migration in India is largely sequential to marriage, because it is a Hindu custom to take brides from another village (village exogamy). Thus people have a tendency to move when they are between their teens and their mid-thirties (15-35 years) than at other ages.
Another important characteristic is that the migrants have a tendency to move to those places where they have contacts and where the previous migrants serve as links for the new migrants, and this chain is thus formed in the process, and is usually called chain migration. They usually have kinship chains and networks of relatives and friends who help them in different ways. In some cases, the migrants not only tend to have the same destination but also tend to have the same occupation. For example, in certain hotels in Jaipur almost all the workers belong to one particular sub-region of Kumaon. The agricultural labourers in Punjab and Haryana are mainly from Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh.
The male migrants from rural to urban and urban to urban, employment were the most important reason. Education accounted only for about 3 to 8 per cent of migration according to these migration streams. Among women, as expected, marriage was the most important reason for migration, followed by associational migration. Employment and education accounted for a very small proportion of the females
By: ABHISHEK KUMAR GARG ProfileResourcesReport error
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