Explanation:

Explanation:

• Rangarajan Committee: In 2012, the Planning Commission constituted a new expert panel on poverty estimation, chaired by C Rangarajan with the following key objectives:

(i) to provide an alternate method to estimate poverty levels and examine whether poverty lines should be fixed solely in terms of a consumption basket or if other criteria are also relevant;
(ii) to examine divergence between the consumption estimates based on the NSSO methodology and those emerging from the National Accounts aggregates;
(iii) to review international poverty estimation methods and indicate whether based on these, a particular method for empirical poverty estimation can be developed in India, and
(iv) to recommend how these estimates of poverty can be linked to eligibility and entitlements under the various schemes of the Government of India.

• Tendulkar Committee (2009): In 2005, another expert group to review methodology for poverty estimation, chaired by Suresh Tendulkar, was constituted by the Planning Commission to address the following three shortcomings of the previous methods:

(i) consumption patterns were linked to the 1973- 74 poverty line baskets (PLBs) of goods and services, whereas there were significant changes in the consumption patterns of the poor since that time, which were not reflected in the poverty estimates;
(ii) there were issues with the adjustment of prices for inflation, both spatially (across regions) and temporally (across time); and
(iii) earlier poverty lines assumed that health and education would be provided by the State and formulated poverty lines accordingly.

NSSO’s Mixed Recall Period involves estimation of poverty using consumer expenditure data of 365 days recall period, for five infrequently purchased non food items such as

• Clothing
• Foot wear
• Durable goods
• Education
• Institutional medical expenses , and a 30 day recall period for the remaining items.
• VM Dandekar and N Rath made the first systematic assessment of poverty in India in 1971, based on National Sample Survey (NSS) data from 1960-61. They argued that the poverty line must be derived from the expenditure that was adequate to provide 2250 calories per day in both rural and urban areas. This generated debate on minimum calorie consumption norms while estimating poverty and variations in these norms based on age and sex.
• Alagh Committee: In 1979, a task force constituted by the Planning Commission for the purpose of poverty estimation, chaired by YK Alagh, constructed a poverty line for rural and urban areas on the basis of nutritional requirements.
• Lakdawala Committee (1993): In 1993, an expert group constituted to review methodology for poverty estimation, chaired by DT Lakdawala, made the following suggestions:
  (i) consumption expenditure should be calculated based on calorie consumption as earlier;
  (ii) state specific poverty lines should be constructed and these should be updated using the Consumer Price Index of Industrial Workers (CPI-IW) in urban areas and Consumer Price Index of Agricultural Labour (CPI-AL) in rural areas; and
  (iii) discontinuation of ‘scaling’ of poverty estimates based on National Accounts Statistics. This assumes that the basket of goods and services used to calculate CPI-IW and CPI-AL reflect the consumption patterns of the poor.