Context: Recently, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) informed the Lok Sabha that the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) discontinued data collection on mob lynching, hate crimes and cow vigilantism.

• Earlier, NCRB collected data on mob lynching, hate crimes and cow vigilantism in 2017.

Why does NCRB discontinue the collection of data?

• It was observed that the data was unreliable as these crimes etc. have not been defined. 
• The term ‘anti-national’ is not defined in law.
• The word “anti-national has not been defined in statutes”.
• However, there is criminal legislation and various judicial pronouncements to sternly deal with unlawful and subversive activities which are detrimental to the unity and integrity of the country.”
• Article 31D of the Constitution, which defined “anti-national activity”, and was “inserted during Emergency”, was omitted by a later amendment.

About Mob Lynching

• It is a form of violence in which a mob, under the pretext of administering justice without trial, punishes and inflicts torture on a presumed offender, sometimes even resulting in murders.

Origin: 

• The word lynching in fact originated in the United States in the mid-18th century. 
• Historians believe that the term was first used by planter Charles Lynch to describe extra-judicial authority assumed by private individuals like him.
• It came to be applied over time to extra-judicial killings by crowds, most commonly of African-Americans in the late 19th century.

Reasons

Combined effect of various factors: A combined effect of political, socio-economic, and psychological factors have led to a situation of hyper-reactivity among large populations even in rural areas and small towns. 

• These factors which instigated the people include deep discontent and anger in rural youth populations due to the worsened crisis of agriculture and bleak employment opportunities.

Poor Law and order: Most lynchings have occurred in remote areas, on highways, or in the countryside. 

• The network of law and order is generally lax in these areas and even a set of enthusiastic police personnel might not reach the location on time to prevent violence.
• Smartphones and cheap internet have become a common phenomenon only after 2010. 
• Lynchings are often fuelled by rumors spread on social media platforms.

Religion-based: The lynching of Muslims, especially on the pretext of “saving cattle” has apparently been on the rise in recent years. 

Government initiatives to deal with this
Creation of Nodal Officers: Central government has asked states to appoint a nodal officer in each district to prevent the incidents of mob violence and lynching.

• As per advisory from the Home Ministry, the nodal officer should be a superintendent of police-level officers.
• It has also asked to set up a special task force to procure intelligence reports about the people who are likely to commit such crimes or who are involved in spreading hate speeches, provocative statements and fake news.

Creation of Two High level Committees: Two high-level committees were constituted by the Central government to suggest ways and legal framework to effectively deal with incidents of mob violence and lynching.
Awareness 

• The government through audio-visual media has also generated public awareness to curb the menace of mob lynching. 
• The government has also sensitized the service providers to take steps to check the propagation of false news and rumours having the potential to incite mob violence and lynching.

States Law

• The Jharkhand Assembly passed the Prevention of Mob Violence and Mob Lynching Bill, 2021, which aims at providing “effective protection” of constitutional rights and the prevention of mob violence in the state.
• The Bill defines lynching as “any act or series of acts of violence or death or aiding, abetting or attempting an act of violence or death, whether spontaneous or planned, by a mob on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, language, dietary practices, sexual orientation, political affiliation, ethnicity or any other ground”.