Which one of the following statements best describes the ldquo environmental Kuznets curve rdq...........

Environment and Ecology Concept of Ecology

Which one of the following statements best describes the “environmental Kuznets curve”?

Economic inclusion of indigenous people results in short term environmental gain but losses in long term.

Economic development initially leads to a deterioration in the environment, but after a certain level of economic growth, a society begins to improve its relationship with the environment and levels of environmental degradation reduces.

The maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely decreases with rising Gross Domestic Product of a country.

All countries passes through same path of intial power centralization which hurt environment and then decentralization which suits sustainable development.

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Explanation:

Many societies still grapple with the general question: how much pollution is a price worth paying for progress? There’s some evidence that as countries get richer, they tend initially to get dirtier and later clean up. Economists call this the “environmental Kuznets curve”, and it makes intuitive sense. If you’re poor, you prioritise material gains. As your income grows, you may choose to spend some of it on a nicer, safer environment.
• The Kuznets Curve demonstrates the hypothesis that economic growth initially leads to greater inequality, followed later by the reduction of inequality.
• On the other hand, the environmental Kuznets curve is a hypothesized relationship between environmental quality and economic development: Economic development initially leads to a deterioration in the environment, but when the average income reaches a certain point, a society begins to improve its relationship with the environment and levels of environmental degradation reduces. Statement ‘b’ reflects this definition.