Context: In this episode of the Perspective Prog. based on India-Russia Annual Summit 2021: Key Takeaways. India and Russia share a longstanding and time-tested partnership and further development of this relationship has been a key pillar of India's foreign policy.

• Since the signing of “Declaration on the India-Russia Strategic Partnership” in October 2000 bilateral ties have acquired a qualitatively new character with enhanced levels of cooperation in almost all areas including political, security, defence, trade and economy, science and technology, and culture.
• The Annual Summit meeting between the Prime Minister of India and the President of the Russian Federation is the highest institutionalized dialogue mechanism in the strategic partnership between India and Russia. 21st Annual Summit between the two leaders took place on Monday during President Putin's visit to India.
• Both leaders reviewed various aspects of bilateral relations and discussed ways to further strengthen the all-encompassing partnership Defence and Foreign Ministers of both countries also held the first ever 2+2 dialogue between both countries and discussed several issues of common concern.

India and Russia

• Diplomatic Ties: India and Russia are together in multiple forums including BRICS and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO).
• India helped the induction of Russia as a dialogue partner in the Indian Ocean Rim Association which may give Russia a major role in the Indian Ocean.
• Russia also helped Indian and Chinese Foreign Ministers to meet and diffuse the stalemate in Ladakh on the sidelines of the SCO Summit in Moscow.
• Also, in the UNSC conference on maritime security chaired by India, Russia dilplayed its proximity to the former.

India-Russia Annual Summit: It is the highest institutionalized dialogue mechanism in the strategic partnership between India and Russia.

• The latest summit is an institution of a new “two plus two” mechanism bringing the foreign and defence ministers from both sides into a single forum.
• There is also speculation about a new 10-year defence pact between the two countries.
• Russia became the fourth nation, along with the US, Japan and Australia, with which India has such a joint structure in place.
• Recent Cooperation in Defence: Currently, 65% of Indian armed forces equipment is of Russian origin and India continues to rely on Russia for spares.
• Despite strong US opposition, India procured the S-400 Triumf Missile from Russia.
• A deal worth over Rs 5,000 crore with Russia for the manufacture of AK 203 assault rifles is also in the pipeline.
• For now, India has escaped the US sanctions on the purchase of S-400 missiles, however, India’s deepening defence ties with Russia will continue to trouble the USA as well as China.

Economic Domain of Relations: India and Russia have greater freedom in the economic domain but their failure to boost the commercial relationship has been stark.

• India-Russia annual trade is worth about only $10 billion whereas the latter’s annual trade with China is a little more than $100 billion.
• India’s goods trade with the US and China is at the level of $100 billion.

Significance of India for Russia: Persistent conflict with the US, Europe, and Japan have moved Moscow closest ever to Beijing. However, Russia is well aware of the dangers of relying solely on a neighbour like China.

• While resetting its relations with the West still has a lot to cover, sustaining the traditional partnership with India holds political value to Moscow.

Issues in India-Russia Ties

• India remains wary of the growing military partnership between Russia and China and their shared opposition to the Indo-Pacific framework.
• Despite political tensions, India’s China trade continues to grow, while its commercial ties with Russia are stagnant despite good political relations.
• The Russian business elites gravitate to Europe and China and the Indian corporations are focused on America and China.
• Russia considers the Quad as the ‘Asian NATO’ and has claimed military alliances in Asia as counterproductive.

Way Forward

Befriending the Best Friend: The structural constraints posed by the great power dynamic and vastly different appreciation of the regional security environment could be reduced if matters improve between Washington and Moscow.

• A less conflictual relationship between the two will be a huge relief for India.
• Also, the US-China quest for power or Russia’s deeping ties with China would have mattered less to India if its relations with China were more peaceful and stable.

Connecting with the Russian Far-East: Connectivity is another driver in the strategic partnership with underlying commercial advantages and overall economic development.

• Parallel to the multimodal International North-South Transport Corridor, the proposed Chennai–Vladivostok Maritime Corridor (CVMC) will sharpen India’s strategic intent in the South China Sea and the Indo-Pacific region, with a naval presence securing its energy and trade shipments from the Russian Far East.
• The far-flung regions of Siberia, the Arctic and the Far East are home to one of the largest reserves of hydrocarbon, metallurgical coke, rare-earth and precious metals in the world.
• India and Russia can work with countries like Japan and Korea to promote joint investments for exploration in the Far East, the Arctic and Siberia.

Cooperation in the Energy Sector: The unknowns of climate change suggest that India should accelerate its energy transition from fossil fuel based to a renewable one.

• Russia, one of the key global players across the energy market, could emerge as an indispensable partner for such a transition.
• Fortunately, both countries have an extensive record of bilateral cooperation in the energy domain but undoubtedly more efforts are needed to expand the cooperation.

Leveraging Multilateral Institutions for Improving Relations: Promote mutually beneficial trilateral cooperation between Russia, China and India that could contribute towards the reduction of mistrust and suspicion between India and China.

• In this context, the SCO and RIC trilateral forum must be leveraged.

Conclusion

• Although India and Russia cannot do much about each other engaging with their rivals, Delhi and Moscow have no reason to be satisfied with the poor state of their commercial ties.
• To give a start to the revival of their ties, India and Russia shall focus on laying a clear path for expansive economic cooperation and generating a better understanding of each other’s imperatives on the Indo-Pacific.

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