Context: Recently, an Israeli defence contractor unveiled a remote-controlled armed robot it says can patrol battle zones, track infiltrators and open fire. 

• The unmanned vehicle is the latest addition to the world of drone technology, which is rapidly reshaping the modern battlefield.
• Unmanned ground vehicles are being increasingly used by other armies, including those of the United States, United Kingdom and Russia. Their tasks include logistical support, the removal of mines and firing weapons.

About the Robot drone

• The four-wheel-drive robot was developed by the state-owned Israel Aerospace Industries’ “REX MKII”.
• It is operated by an electronic tablet and can be equipped with two machine guns, cameras and sensors.
• The robot can gather intelligence for ground troops, carry injured soldiers and supplies in and out of battle, and attack nearby targets.
• It is the most advanced of more than half a dozen unmanned vehicles developed by Aerospace Industries’ subsidiary, ELTA Systems, during the past 15 years.
• Earlier the semi-autonomous Jaguar is equipped with a machine gun and was designed to reduce soldiers’ exposure to the dangers of patrolling the volatile Gaza-Israel border. 
• It is one of many tools, including drones armed with guided missiles, that have given the Israeli military a vast technological superiority over Hamas.

Their Needs in Israel

• The Israeli military is currently using a smaller but similar vehicle called the “Jaguar” to patrol the border with the Gaza Strip and help enforce a blockade Israel imposed in 2007, after Hamas took power there.
• Gaza is home to two million Palestinians who have largely been locked in by the blockade, which is also supported to some extent by Egypt. 
• The border area is the site of frequent protests and occasional attempts by Palestinian fighters or desperate labourers to enter Israel.

Key Concerns

• Critics have raised concerns that robotic weapons could decide on their own, perhaps erroneously, to shoot targets. The company said such capabilities exist but are not being offered to customers.
• Such weapons are worrisome because they can’t be trusted to distinguish between combatants and civilians or make proper calls about the harm attacks may do to nearby civilians.
• Machines cannot understand the value of human life, which in essence undermines human dignity and violates human rights laws.

The development of autonomous ground vehicles has lagged behind autonomous aircraft and boats because moving across land is far more complex than navigating water or air.

• For example: Unlike the open ocean, vehicles have to deal with “holes in the road” and know exactly how much force to apply to overcome a physical obstacle.
• The technology in self-driving vehicles also has raised concerns. Electric car manufacturer Tesla, among other companies, has been connected to a series of fatal accidents.

By: Shubham Tiwari