Which of the following can be included in the definition of ldquo State rdquo used in different prov...........

Indian Polity Features of Constitution

Which of the following can be included in the definition of “State” used in different provisions concerning the fundamental rights?

1. Public Sector Banks

2. Electricity Boards

3. District Planning Boards

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 and 2 only

2 and 3 only

1 and 3 only

1, 2 and 3

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Explanation:

The term ‘State’ has been used in different provisions concerning fundamental rights. Hence, Article 12 has defined the term for the purposes of Part III. According to it, the State includes the following:

Government and Parliament of India, that is, executive and legislative organs of the Union government.
Government and legislature of states, that is, executive and legislative organs of state government.
All local authorities, that is, municipalities, panchayats, district boards, improvement trusts, etc.
All other authorities, that is, statutory or non-statutory authorities like LIC, ONGC, SAIL, etc.
Thus, State has been defined in a wider sense so as to include all its agencies. It is the actions of these agencies that can be challenged in the courts as violating the Fundamental Rights. Thus, Public Sector Banks, Electricity Boards, and District Planning Boards fall under the definition of 'State' concerning the Fundamental Rights. Hence all the options are correct.