Explanation:

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•    MC11 ended without a Ministerial Declaration. This happened for the third time after Seattle (1999) and Cancun (2003) summit.
•    An obvious reason why MC11 failed was the refusal of the US to engage. The largest economy being absent at the negotiating table was a strong reason, but this doesn’t explain the failure in its entirety; other processes, like climate-change negotiations and the TPP have found ways of continuing without the US.
•    WTO membership, had forced discussions on divisive issues like e-commerce and investment facilitation. But ‘e-commerce’ subject was not part of the original Doha agenda.
•    India opposed it, saying “Doha subjects must be resolved first, before taking up new subjects”.
•    India also opposed the joint declaration on “Trade and women’s economic empowerment” because according to India WTO is not a platform to discuss gender.
•    Elimination of tariff on e-commerce would result in complete trade liberalization of goods (both agriculture and industry), something that most developing countries aren’t willing to do at present.
•    Investment rules for investor-protection have become very contentious in many developing countries, including India, because investors have initiated a slew of cases against host governments by invoking the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanism.