Explanation:

- DNA profiling plays a crucial role in forensic studies. It helps identify individuals involved in criminal activities or accidents.

- It's also used in cases of disputed parentage by comparing the DNA of parents and children to establish biological relationships.

- This technique is valuable in pedigree analysis, offering insights into genetic relationships and traits passed through generations.

- DNA profiling helps researchers study migration patterns by analyzing genetic variations across populations.

- It's used to confirm cell line identity, ensuring the integrity and origin of cell cultures used in labs.

Option 4: All of these is the correct answer.

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