PASIPHAE: A Sky Surveying Project

Context: Recently, scientists under PASIPHAE Mission create a three-dimensional tomographic map of the magnetic field threading dust clouds within the Milky Way.

About PASIPHAE survey

• It statnds for " Polar-Areas Stellar-Imaging in Polarisation High-Accuracy Experiment".
• It is an optopolarimetric survey aiming to measure the linear polarization from millions of stars, and use these to create a three-dimensional tomographic map of the magnetic field threading dust clouds within the Milky Way.
• The distances to these stars will be obtained from measurements of the GAIA satellite.
• GAIA is on a mission to chart a three-dimensional map of our Galaxy, the Milky Way, in the process revealing the composition, formation and evolution of the Galaxy. It is a European Space Agency astronomical observatory mission.

It is an international collaborative sky surveying project.

• The survey will be conducted concurrently from the South African Astronomical Observatory in Sutherland, South Africa in the southern hemisphere, and the Skinakas Observatory in Crete, Greece, in the north.
• Scientists from the University of Crete, Greece, Caltech, USA, IUCAA, India, the South African Astronomical Observatory and the University of Oslo, Norway, are involved in this project, steered by the Institute of Astrophysics, Greece.

The Wide Area Linear Optical Polarimeter (WALOP), a vital instrument for the PASIPHAE Project, is being developed at Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), India.
Features of PASIPHAE Mission

• It will use two high-tech optical polarimeters to observe the northern and southern skies, simultaneously.
• It will focus on capturing starlight polarisation of very faint stars that are so far away that polarisation signals from there have not been systematically studied.
• The astronomers will perform a maiden magnetic field tomography mapping of the interstellar medium of very large areas of the sky using a novel polarimeter instrument known as WALOP (Wide Area Linear Optical Polarimeter).

Importance of the Project

• Since its birth about 14 billion years ago, the universe has been constantly expanding, as evidenced by the presence of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation which fills the universe.
• The Milky Way Galaxy contains a lot of dust clouds that are present in the form of clusters. When starlight passes through these dust clouds, they get scattered and polarised.
• The PASIPHAE polarimetric map will be used to perform magnetic tomography of the Milky Way Galaxy.
• That is, it will deduce the 3-dimensional structure of the magnetic field and the dust that resides in our own Galaxy.
• This map will provide invaluable information for future CMB B-mode experiments searching for inflationary gravitational waves.
• The B-mode experiment was used to test the theory of cosmic inflation and distinguish between inflationary models of the very early universe by making precise measurements of the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB).

According to the theory of inflation, the early Universe expanded exponentially fast for a fraction of a second after the Big Bang.

• Beyond studies of the early Universe, the survey will lead to leaps forward in some of the most actively pursued areas in Astrophysics, including high-energy astrophysics, stellar astrophysics, and interstellar medium dynamics.

Wide Area Linear Optical Polarimeter (WALOP)

• It was planned in 2013 after the success of the RoboPol experiment survey during 2012-2017.
• WALOP and its predecessor RoboPol share the photometry (measurement of the brightness of celestial objects) principle.
• But the WALOP will be capable of observing hundreds of stars concurrently present both in the northern and the southern skies as opposed to RoboPol, which has a much smaller field of view in the sky.
• A WALOP each will be mounted on the 1.3-metre Skinakas Observatory, Crete, and on the 1-metre telescope of the South African Astronomical Observatory located in Sutherland.
• They will be unique instruments offering the widest ever field of view of the sky in polarimetry.
• It will be capable of capturing images within ½ ° by ½ ° area of the sky during every exposure.
• It will operate on the principle that at any given time, the data from a portion of the sky under observation will be split into four different channels.