Explanation:

Tokyo Convention and Montreal protocol 2014:

• Criminal offences committed on-board international flights are governed by the Tokyo Convention 1963 (the Tokyo Convention). It provides the guidelines for what principles states should follow and gives aircraft commanders the power to take all reasonable steps, including restraint, against the unruly passenger to protect the safety of those on-board, maintain discipline on the flight and to deliver the unruly passenger to law enforcement agents upon landing.
•  In April 2014, the International Civil Aviation Organisation adopted an amendment to the Tokyo Convention, known as the Montreal Protocol. The Protocol redefines elements of the Tokyo Convention in relation to unruly passengers. The effect is that airlines will be empowered to better deal with unruly passengers and improve aviation security
• The Protocol notably extends the jurisdiction to try the unruly passenger from the state of aircraft registration to also include the states in which the operator is located and that is the destination of the flight (including a state to which a flight may be diverted).
•  This will greatly facilitate the prosecution of unruly passengers upon disembarkation.
•   It also clarifies what constitutes unruly behaviour by simply requiring reasonable grounds to believe that a serious offense has been committed. Such offenses include physical assault, or the threat thereof, and failure to follow crew instructions.
• Importantly, Montreal Protocol 2014 expressly recognizes an airline’s right to seek compensation for expenses caused by unruly behaviour.