Explanation:

An immediate and intuitively appealing solution to the fiscal costs of UBI is to make it a targeted basic income scheme, attempting to guarantee a basic income to only the poor and the deserving. However, India’s record of targeting welfare programmes to the poor has been suspect. Targeting commenced with the drawing up of lists of poor based on self-reported income in 1992 with subsequent survey rounds done with different – and more multidimensional – identification criteria in 1997 and 2002. Even the 2002 list of criteria for identifying BPL households, considered to be more rigorous than either of the previous rounds of surveys came under criticism from many sides.
Studies – and government audits – showed data manipulation and corruption, with the crowding out of the poor and the truly deserving from BPL card ownership and leakages to the rich. Targeting was both inefficient and inequitable, a license to fraud that spawned an entire ecosystem of middlemen and petty abuse