Upari refers to which of the following ........

Ancient and Medival History Later Mughals and Advent of Europeans

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Upari refers to which of the following:

A form of Marathi poetry that emerged during the Maratha period

A category of tenancy tenure held under the Maratha regime

A court official during the Maratha regime

A group of peasants who rebelled against their oppressive landlords under Maratha rule

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Explanation:

Under Marathas:
•   Deshak (????) or Watandars (??????): Deshaks were officers of the village, and revenue-paying heredity owners of land. Watandars did not pay revenue for the land, instead the served the kingdom.
•   Thalkari (?????) or Mirasdars:(????????) Thalkari or Mirasdar paid land revenue, but were not officials and formed a large part of the village community, and were hereditary owners of the land. Mirasdar is an Arabic word (Miras=Inherit)for Thalkari.
•   Upris (????): The Upris were tenant-at-will, of government land, held land on a renewable basis, called Kaulnama (???????), also paid land revenue, but were tenants, rather than owners. They did not enjoy the advantage and the position of the Mirasdars.
•   Balutedar (?????????) & Alutedars (????????): In simplest terms these were the “service-providers” to the village. Baluta signifies a share of grain (or agricultural produce) and in most cases, these folks were paid in kind, annually.