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With reference to Mahalwari System, consider the following statements.
1. Local Zamindar was responsible, on behalf of all peasants, for the payment of land revenue.
2. The peasant was free to sell or mortgage their land.
3. The system was implemented in western part of United Provinces, Punjab, and some part of central Provinces.
Choose the correct options.
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
All of the above
Zamindar was only the intermediate between peasant and government for the collection of revenue. The actual property rights were with the peasant itself. Mahal refers to an estate with many cultivators. The term Mahal referred to the fiscal unit / revenue division into which the whole land was divided by Akbar. In Mahalwari system, all the proprieties of a Mahal were jointly and severally responsible, in their persons and property, for the sum assessed by the government on that Mahal. If the number of the proprietors was large, some of them were made representatives of all. The ownership and occupancy right was reserved for individual peasants. Even cultivation was to be dome individually. But for the payment of the land revenue, the peasants were jointly responsible. Usually the village as a whole would be designated a Mahal and it paid the revenue via its headman called Lambardar. Thus, Lambardars worked as a link between the individual tillers and the government, but they were not given rights like those of Zamindars. The issues with the Mahalwari system were as follows: In actual practice, only some big families could take the land rights not all villagers. The stable revenue dream of the government could not be fulfilled. Mahalwari was a limited reform in area as well as duration. It was a temporary settlement.
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