Explanation:

• Indian Councils Act of 1861: This act was significant in introducing the non-official Indian members into the legislative councils, marking the beginning of representative institutions.
• Indian Councils Act of 1892: Expanded the functions and the number of members in local councils and extended the representative principle further.
• Indian Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms): Introduced separate electorates but was only in effect for a relatively short period until replaced by the Government of India Act 1919.
•  Government of India Act of 1919: Known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, it aimed for more self-governance but had a longer run compared to the 1909 Act.
• the Indian Councils Act of 1909 was indeed the most short-lived.

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