Context: Recently, experts recommended employing new tools such as Gene editing and Nanotechnology-based solutions in the Agriculture sector.
Need

• The need for new breeding technologies is essential if global crop production is to double by 2050 to meet the rising food demand. 
• Yield increases of 2.4% per year are required to meet the demand without putting more land under cultivation. 
• The annual production of cereals would need to go up by 50% to about three billion tonnes to provide for the 2050 population demand.
• Genome-edited crops had the potential to lower chemical fertilizer and pesticide use, reduce post-harvest losses while at the same time producing climate-resilient, nutrient-dense, and higher-yield crops.
• Nanotechnology is an emerging field of Indian agriculture.
• The use of nanotechnology for enhanced crop productivity can be a locally viable strategy for farmers, especially in exigencies.

What is  Gene editing?

• Gene/genome editing refers to technology that permits to change an organism’s DNA. 
• These technologies allow genetic material to be added, removed, or altered at particular locations in the genome.
• Its applications include correcting genetic defects, treating and preventing the spread of diseases and improving crops etc. 
• CRISPR technology is one of the tools used in gene editing. 
• Genomic editing is more accurate, faster, and less expensive compared to genetic modification.

Use Nanotechnology in Agriculture

• Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things which is about 1 to 100 nanometers.
• It can be used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering.
• Nanotechnology in agriculture includes specific applications like nano fertilizers, nano pesticides, and targeted use of inputs to increase the productivity without decontamination of soil and water etc.
• Steps Taken: In 2007, the government launched a 5-year program called Nano Science and Technology Mission (NSTM) for research and promotion.
• Last year, the Ministry of Agriculture released ‘Guidelines for Evaluation of Nano-based Agri-input and food products in India’.

CRISPR technology

• The CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and was developed in the year 2012.
• CRISPRs are specialized stretches of DNA.
• The protein Cas9 (or “CRISPR-associated”) is an enzyme that acts like a pair of molecular scissors, capable of cutting strands of DNA. 
• It allows researchers to easily alter DNA sequences and modify gene function.
• CRISPR-Cas9 technology was set to revolutionise medicine — in the treatment of diseases such as sickle cell anaemia, for instance — and agriculture.
• The CRISPR-Cas9 tool has already contributed to significant gains in crop resilience, altering their genetic code to better withstand drought and pests.
• The technology has also led to innovative cancer treatments and many experts hope that it may help in curing the inherited diseases.