Context: Agriculture in India faces growing challenges and also presents plenty of opportunities but successive governments have been hesitant to bring reforms fearing political ramifications. Crucial decisions needed to the sector an impetus have been delayed in the fear of losing votes. There has also been a lack of vision. The Modi government has brought about reforms, but has been met with stiff opposition from farmers. They remain firm on their demand to get the new farm laws repealed. As the protests continue, industry bodies representing Indian corporates are worried about the stalemate situation between farmers and the government as it is causing huge losses. The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India has urged the government and farmers' organisations to resolve the impasse. Meanwhile, the CII said the new reforms will improve market access and increase income opportunities for farmers. The industry body added that the reforms are focused on the input side, introducing risk mitigation measures, reducing post-harvest losses and augmenting market opportunities. Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Tuesday said farmers were being misled about agriculture reforms and the reforms were exactly what farmer bodies and even opposition parties had been asking over the years. 
Key Points

• India’s agriculture policies have had multiple mandates, including a production imperative (national food security), a consumer imperative (keeping food prices low for a large low-income population), and a farmer welfare imperative (raising farmer’s income).
• Tensions between these mandates have resulted in costly, contradictory policies whose costs have been increasingly borne by farmers, the government purse, and the natural environment.
• Realising the significance of Agriculture in India’s socio-economic order, the government has set an agenda of doubling farmer incomes by raising productivity and cutting down costs, and going for diversification towards high value agriculture.
• However, Indian Agriculture is in the need for many fundamental reforms.

Significance of Agriculture in India

• Highest Employment Provider: More Indians depend directly or indirectly on agriculture for employment than on any other sector.
• Addresses Malnutrition and provides food security: Agriculture holds a key to reducing India’s malnutrition problem, directly affecting public health and worker productivity.
• Augmenting Economic Growth: Agriculture has the potential to spur India’s overall gross domestic product (GDP) growth.
• Agricultural growth of 4%, would add at least a percentage point to GDP, increase exports and improve India’s trade deficit.
• Economic transformation in developing nations is propelled by increases in agricultural incomes underpinning industrial growth. For example, China's economic growth.
• India’s vital land and water resources, which farmers used for agricultural production, assumes more significance especially in the face of mounting scarcity, environmental degradation, and climate change.

Actions Taken by Government to Increase Farmer Income

• Subsidizing Input Costs: Providing water,power and fertilizer subsidies to decrease production costs.
• Green Revolution: Increasing yields through better farming practices and timely availability of quality inputs, especially high yielding seeds, chemical fertilisers and water.
• Stabilizing Output Prices: Through minimum support prices (MSP) and public procurement.
• Augmenting Non-Crop related Agriculture Income: KUSUM scheme.
• Providing Direct Income Transfers to Farmers: Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN).

Associated Challenges In India’s Agriculture
Issue Related to Subsidies

• Agricultural subsidies were introduced to incentivise farmers to take up the green revolution. Subsidies also intended to reduce the cost of production for farmers and to check food price inflation and protect consumers.
• However, today it has become apparent that subsidies are inflicting significant damage on different aspects of the economy.
• Subsidised Urea has led to massive overuse of nitrogenous fertilisers, leading to damaged soils and pollution of local water bodies.
• Similarly, power subsidies have not only led to an alarming overuse of groundwater,, but also it has severely damaged the health of power distribution companies.
• Credit subsidies like loan waivers have weakened the Indian banking system (due to increased NPAs), having negative spillover effects on the economy.
• Output price supports in the form of minimum support price (MSP) basically apply to only a handful of crops, especially wheat and rice that are procured by the government in a handful of states.

Consumer Oriented Policies

• Whenever there is a price rise in any agricultural commodity, the government imposes restrictions on exports to protect Indian consumers. It creates hindrances for farmers taking advantage of high prices in foreign markets.
• This, coupled with the Essential Commodities Act (ECA), has meant lower private investment in export infrastructure such as warehouses and cold storage systems.
• This lack of storage infrastructure compels farmers to go for Distress sale.

Flawed Agricultural Marketing Policies

• Due to restrictions imposed by Agricultural Produce Market Committee Acts passed by various states, Indian farmers today can only sell their produce at Farmgate or local market (haat) to village aggregators, APMC mandis and to government at the minimum support price (MSP).
• The introduction of the electronic national agriculture market (e-NAM)—an online trading platform for agricultural commodities in India—is a step in the right direction. However, its effects have been underwhelming due to three major bottlenecks:

Time cost of transactions

• Quality assessment challenges
• Transportation logistics

Marginal Land Holdings

• Raising farm productivity is critical for long-term increase in farmer incomes in India, as land fragmentation means that many Indian farmers are farming plots of such small sizes that even doubling their incomes would leave them with meagre earnings.
• In India, nearly 85% of agricultural land holdings are small and marginal (less than 2 hectare).

Slow Agricultural Growth Rate

• The Ashok Dalwai Committee Report on doubling farmers’ income, estimated that the doubling farmers' income will require an agricultural growth rate of 10-11% per annum, until 2022–23.
• However, agricultural growth rate and farmers' income growth rate has been stagnating and well below the required rate of growth.

Steps to Increase Farmers' Income

• Addressing Subsidies Problem

This can be done by

• Freeing up input prices to market levels, or charging an optimum cost pricing for fertilisers, power, agri-credit, and canal waters fees.
• Channelizing the resulting savings for expenditures on investments in agricultural R&D, irrigation, marketing infrastructure, building value chains by involving Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) and linking farms to organised retail, food processing, and export markets.
• Direct income transfers to farmers’ should be promoted by leveraging the trinity of Jan Dhan–Aadhaar–Mobile (JAM) to reduce the leakages and pilferage.

Allowing Land Leasing

• The central government, in association with the state governments, should free up land lease markets, which can help provide farmers with a steady income, while maintaining asset security.
• In remote dry areas, leasing land to solar or wind power companies could provide farmers with relatively higher and steadier incomes.
• The Model Land Lease Act, 2016 offers an appropriate template for the states and UTs to draft their own piece of legislations, in consonance with the local requirements and adopt an enabling Act.

Increasing Avenues for Non-Farm Income

• Subsidised electricity should be rationalised, as today solar water pumps are operationally and financially sustainable.
• This will reduce government burden of electricity subsidies, while at the same time allowing surplus power from the solar powered pumps to be sold back to the grid.
• Promoting value-added uses of biomass like Bamboo for construction and other applications, rice husk and bagasse-based mini-power plants, and ethanol from sugar cane and corn can all help augment farmer incomes in sustainable ways while developing more dynamic local rural economies.

Improving Agricultural Export Scenario

• India needs to address the composition of its agriculture export basket. Currently agricultural exports constitute 10% of the country’s exports, but the majority of its exports are low value, raw or semi-processed, and marketed in bulk.
• The share of India’s high value and value-added agriculture produce is less than 15%.
• Robust agriculture exports will increase the demand for India’s farm output (and hence, incomes of farmers).
• In this context, the government has launched Agriculture Export Policy 2018. It is aimed at doubling the agricultural exports and integrating Indian farmers and agricultural products with the global value chains.

Investing in Agriculture Infrastructure

• The most sustainable way to augment farmers’ real incomes over the long term is through investments in productivity-enhancing areas, ranging from agricultural research and development (R&D), to irrigation to the development of rural and marketing infrastructure.
• Local level investments that seek to build village level storage facilities, better surface irrigation management, and investments in drip irrigation, tile drainage, trap crops, etc, that can give results in a relatively short period of time.

Agricultural Marketing Reforms

• Farmers’ income can improve substantially if they are able to capture a greater share in the supply chain from farm gate to consumer.
• For this to happen, farmers must have the freedom to sell what they want, where they want, and when they want without any restrictions on sale, stocking, movement, and export of farm produce.
• These will require legal and institutional changes, major investments in market infrastructure and storage (including cold-chain storage), and incentives for the creation and operation of infrastructure by FPOs.
• In this context, the state needs to adopt Model Agriculture Produce and Livestock Marketing Act, 2017.

Need For Cooperative Federalism

• Agriculture is a state subject and many of the important levers—water, power, irrigation, extension, etc—are controlled by the states. However, the central government continues to play a larger role.
• Thus, reforms can only succeed if the central and state governments work closely together in a spirit of “cooperative federalism.