Few Indicators

• You must have found that your city has more labelled clothes than ever before, brand like Nike, Reebok and others which used to be not available in India are now available.
• In big cities fashion trends are very similar to other big cities of the world. Even TV programs have their global imports, which are localized such as Kaun Banega Karore Pati, Indian Idol. The global influences are being felt everywhere and all over the world.
• Bangra and Yoga are popular in the West, as cheese, pizza and burgers have become part of our eating habits, at least in big cities and among the younger generation.
• Big corporations now have offices in different parts of the globe where they carry on activities, so corporations have gone global and in that sense the production processes.
• There are people who work in India but who don an American accent and keep American time because they work for international call centre.
• People are travelling ever more on work, in search of work, or migrating to seek better lives. There is definitely lot more movement of people and communication between people.
• A mother whose son lives in America not only is regularly in contact with her son and daughter-in-law but might travel to stay with him a good part of the year.

These changes that we are witnessing is being termed Globalisation.

The pressures of deregulation have forced states to give up protective barriers, and sovereign powers, on a large scale to provide the underlying economy with sufficiently large markets.

More and more powers of the nation states are transferred to inter governmental institutions, providing themselves with tools more powerful than those of the dissolving states, and it seems acting with a never increasing expansionism.

Globalization is essentially a spatial concept

• In globalization, the restrictions of  boundaries are attenuated.
• Globalisation in also sometimes described as an imperialism of Mcdonald’s Hollywood, Cocacolanisation, MTV generation and CNN. Another aspect, which has been looked at by scholars, identifies globalization as deteritorialisation.
• Following this interpretation, globalization entails a reconfiguration of geography
• Globalisation can be referred as supra territorial relations between people.
• Deterritorialisation refers to a far reaching change in the nature of social space.
• Further, the proliferation and spread of supraterritorial – or what we can alternatively term transworld or transborder- connections brings an end to what could be called Territorialism
• Globalization overlaps to some degree with related ideas of integration, interdependence, multilateralism, openness and interpenetration; in the latter, it points to the geographical spread of these tendencies and is cognate with globalism, spatial compression, universalization, and homogeneity
• In an ideal sense, people from different countries with different cultural backgrounds are connected with each other economically, socially and politically
• Globalization is about the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.
• ‘Globalization is transforming trade, finance, employment, migration, technology, communications, the environment, social systems, ways of living, cultures, and patterns of governance’ It is viewed as ‘the intensification of economic, political, social and cultural relations across borders’.

Globalism

Globalism versus globalization? Many people would think the two terms refer to the same phenomenon. However, there are important differences between the two

Broad view ( utopian )

• Thinking global

Narrow view

• Ideology associated with globalization
• globalization refers to the increase or decline in the degree of globalism. It focuses on the forces, the dynamism or speed of these changes.
• In short, consider globalism as the underlying basic network, while globalization refers to the dynamic shrinking of distance on a large scale.
• Globalism is a phenomenon with ancient roots. Thus, the issue is not how old globalism is, but rather how “thin” or “thick” it is at any given time.

Classical globalization,

• It is attributable to conquests, the source of most previous historical episodes where a single economic system has held sway over a vast geographical terrain.
• Silk Road provided an economic and cultural link between ancient Europe and Asia.
• Travelers

Globalization -1

• It was launched by a historic drop in trade costs when steam and other forms of mechanical power made it economical to consume goods made faraway. This globalization came with almost no government support.
• Global integration continued through the expansion of European trade as in the 16th and 17th centuries, when the Portuguese and Spanish empires reached to all corners of the world after expanding to America.
• Globalisation became a business phenomenon in the 17th century when Dutch East India Company, the first Multi-National Corporation was established.
• Liberation in the 19th century is sometimes called the “First Era of Globalisation”, a period characterized by rapid growth in international trade and investment between European imperial powers, their colonies and later the United States.
• There was no global governance and there was little domestic policy to help share the gains and pains of more intense international arbitrage in goods. Laissez-faire capitalism, imperialism and various forms of autocracy ruled this era mostly.
• However, the two world wars, the Great Depression, and the rise of communism and fascism resulted in hundreds of millions of humans being killed by other humans. This led to the end of G-1.0.

Globalization -2

• Globalisation began in era since World War II and was the first result of planning by Economist, business interests and politicians who recognized the cost associated with protectionism and declining international economic integration.
• This work led to the Bretton Woods Conference and founding of several international institutions intended to oversee the renewed processes of globalization promoting growth and managing adverse consequences.
• These were the introduction of New Economic Policy, liberalisation programmes, international Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
• It has been facilitated by advances in technology which have reduced the costs of trade and trade negotiations rounds originally under the auspices of GAT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs) which led to a series of agreement to remove restrictions on free trade.
• The creation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) helped to settle trade disputes and set up a platform of trading. In the name of SAP (Structural Adjustment Programmes), these institutions forced many countries that were facing debt crisis in 1980’s to create conditions for liberalisation in the developing countries.
• Globalization 2.0 saw the establishment of institute-based, rule-based international governance, specifically the UN, IMF, World Bank, GATT/WTO and many specialized agencies like the FAO and ILO.

Globalization 3

• Globalization 3.0 or the New Globalization.
• Arvind Subramanian called it hyper-globalization, Gary Gereffi called it the global value chain revolution, and Alan Blinder called it offshoring. 
• The key is that globalization now meant factories crossing borders,
• This created a new world of manufacturing in which high-tech was combined with low wages.
• This new combination disrupted the lives and communities of workers struggling to compete with high wages and high tech as well as those struggling to compete with low wages and low tech.
• Workers employed in goods-producing sectors were the most affected, since this unbundling mostly affected goods-producing sectors.
• During the time of Information Technology (IT) particularly the Internet, computer chip has added the intensity of global contacts. People began to migrate to different geographical regions looking for better prospects.
• All these brought a new global situation seeking a fundamental restructuring of the economy and political arrangements since the industrial revolution giving rise to a kind of global integration beyond the boundaries of nation-state.

Globalization 4.0

• Globalization 4.0 is going to hit the service sector. Hundreds of millions of service-sector and professional workers in advanced economies will, for the first time ever, be exposed to the challenges and opportunities of globalization 4.0.
• It is in parallel with the IR 4.0. The various disruptive technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Internet of Things, Block-chain etc. will play key roles in this.
• Rather than shaping a parallel hegemonic structure, globalisation 4.0 intends to correct the flaws inherent in globalisation 3.0 that allowed the dominance and wealth superiority of the great economic powers to hinder the optimisation and evolution of the global governance structure.
• Globalisation 4.0 should be more sustainable, reasonable and balanced version, led by innovation, inclusiveness, shared benefits and tolerance.
• Globalization 4.0 seeks to promote: practical, public-private arrangements to help governments find agile, collaborative solutions to pressing global problems in our more complex world, which is being rapidly transformed by the IR 4.0.

Glocalization

• Glocalization is a combination of the words "globalization" and "localization." The term is used to describe a product or service that is developed and distributed globally but is also adjusted to accommodate the user or consumer in a local market
• Companies which have mastered glocalization are numerous. Starbucks, Lays, Pepsico, KFC, McDonald's Hindustan Unilever Limited, Ford, Gillette, Subway and so many more are great examples. ... McDonald's beef burger elsewhere in the world gives way to a McAloo Tikki vegetarian burger in India.

Causes of globalization 

• The source lies instead in the development of technology.
• It has been perceived that globalization originated primarily from the economic and political domination of the USA, spreading modernity and consumerist values on distant local cultures.
• Globalization as a by product of communication technologies which are the defining feature.
• The costs of transport, of travel, and above all the costs of communicating information have fallen dramatically in the postwar period, almost entirely because of the progress of technology.
• It is clearly the availability of cheap, rapid and reliable communications that permits such phenomena, just as this is the key to the integration of the international capital market.
• spread of consumer knowledge from advertising,
• The same factor is important in nurturing the growth of multinational corporations, since it is this which enables them to exploit their intellectual property efficiently in a variety of locations without losing the ability to maintain control from head office
• The Western model of liberal democratic societies has been victorious over authoritarian systems in Latin America and Europe.
• At the end of the 20th century the world in general and India in particular is presenting itself in this new outlook.