Explanation:

All of the above

The drainage system of an area is influenced by various factors, and all the given options play a role in determining the drainage patterns:

Topography: The shape and relief of the land surface influence the formation of rivers and their patterns.

Geological time period: The geological history and processes that have shaped the land over time affect the drainage system.Nature and structure of rocks: Different types of rocks have different permeabilities, affecting the flow of water and the formation of rivers.

Periodicity of water flow: The seasonal variations and periodicity of water flow, influenced by factors such as rainfall and snowmelt, contribute to the drainage patterns.

Therefore, all of the above factors (1, 2, 3, and 4) play a role in determining the drainage system of an area.