Explanation:

None of the above

From 1505 to 1961, some territories of India remained under Portuguese State of India {Estado da India} or Portuguese India {Índia Portuguesa}. The Indian empire of Portuguese was mainly confined in isolated colonies on both East and West Coast of India and was part of Portuguese possessions in Asia, East Africa and Pacific.
From 7th century onwards, India’s merchandize trade with European countries was dominated by Arabs, who took goods from India and supplied it to the merchants of Venice and Genoa in Italy, who in turn supplied it to European markets. Naturally, the sea routes were also dominated by the Arabs who did not allow any other to encroach these routes.

However, this arrangement was disturbed when Spanish and Portuguese discovered alternative sea routes to India and South East Asia. Gradually, the seaborne trade of Arabs in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea was paralysed.