Manufacturing Industry transforms different raw materials into a wide range of raw products. The first type of industry was iron, cotton or wool. In the developed countries more people are employed in more sophisticated electrical and other metal industries. Most countries begin to industrialize on the basis of food or other raw materials processing industries and textiles. Then they graduate to metal and engineering industries and locomotives.

Classification of Industries

Primary Industry: It is the simplest form of industry which consists of the first processing of raw materials and then to produce industrial raw materials. Such industries include the smelting of bauxite to make aluminum.

Secondary Industry: Basically they include all reprocessing of partially manufactured goods to make more complex products, e.g. the use of cloth in clothing and the use of paper to make books. They are called heavy industries e.g. engineering, metal goods, heavy chemicals, ship building, locomotives and light industries.

Tertiary Industry: It consists of service industries such as trade, transportation, commerce, entertainment, personal services, tourism, and administration and so on.

Quaternary    industry: This group is involved in the research of science and technology and other high level tasks. They include scientists, doctors, and lawyers.

Quinary Sector: Some consider these to be a branch of the quaternary sector, which includes the highest levels of decision making in a society or economy. This sector would include the top executives or officials in such fields as government, science, universities, nonprofit, healthcare, culture, and the media. These are of consultancy nature.

Iron and Steel Industry:

Russia:

The southern districts – existence of Krivoi Rog iron ore, Donbas coalfields, Yeleno-vka limestone, Nikopol’s manganese and Kirch iron-ore are added advantage to Iron and steel industry. Zaporozhe, Zhdanov, Toganov are important centres.

Moscow – Tula region- Tula, Vyksa, Kulebadi and Gorki are important countries.

Ural Kuznetsk Combine: Magnitogorsk, Nizhnitaghil, Chelyabinsk and Sverdidlo-vsk are prominent centres.

USA:

Pittsburg district: Pittsburg has developed at the junction of Ohio, Allegheny and Mononga-hela rivers. Local coal, iron-ore from Lake Region, local lime and stone are added advantage. Besides, Pittsburg Youngstown and Johnstown are important centers.

Lake shore region: steel centers are located at Buffalo, Erie, Cleveland, Detroit and Loraine – Lake’s transport facility and Mesabi are chief locational factors.

Atlantic coastal Region: Maryland, Sparrows Point and Pennsylvania are important centres.

Japan:

Honshu: Osaka-Kobe, Tokyo- Yakohama

Kyushu: Yawata (50%)

Hokkaido: Muroran.

Japan’s iron and steel industry depends on imports of iron ore from India, Philippines, Malaysia, Canada etc. and cooking coal from Australia and China. Now electric hearth process iswidely used to save coal.

China:

Manchuria region has the largest steel plant of China is at Anshan Fushun. Pensinn and Mukden are other important steel producing centers. The region accounts for two fifth of China’s steel output.

Lower Yangtze Valley: Chungking, Wuhan and Hankow are important centers.

Northern China: Large steel plants are located at Shantung, Beijing, Anyang and Shensi.

Germany:

Essen, Dusseldorf, Dortmouth, Bochum, Gelsenkirchen, Duesburg and Krefeld are important centers because of the extensive deposits of good quality coal within the region. Presence of Ergyberg and Lahn-Sieg iron and excellent import facilities helped immensely for the rapid growth of Ruhr- Region iron steel industry.

Cotton Textile Industry

Location of this industry is highly diffused perhaps due to omnipresent market of cotton textile throughout the world.

Russia:

In Russia Ivanovo and Moscow were the most important centres. Stalingrad, Kirorabad, and Leningrad are other important centers. Ivanovo is still the largest center of cotton textile in Russia.

USA:

Concentrated mainly is (i) North-eastern area in the southern part of New England states, and (ii) South East area encompassing cotton growing states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia.

Providence, New Bedford, Fall River, Lowell, Holyoke and Manchester are important centers. Local raw materials, favorable climatic condition, cheap hydel power, local market, cheap labour and low cost of land are factors for helping the growth of industry in this zone.

Japan:

Natural humid climate, cheap labour, new and upto date machines, cheap hydel power, big markets are important factors of growth of cotton textile industries in Japan. Majority of the cotton mills are located in the following regions: (i) Kwanto Region: around Tokyo and Yakohama; (ii) Kinki Region: Osaka is the main center; (iii) Nagoya and ; (iv) Northern Coastal area, other producing centers.

China

China is the largest producer of cotton textile in the world. The prominent centers are Shanghai, Manchuria, Tienshan, Beijing Chuang, Nanchang and Hankow. Shanghai is still the largest center of cotton textile in the country. Large market, cheap labour, local raw material, coastal location and equitable climatic condition are the important factors of location of cotton textile industries in this region

U.K.

Once pioneer of modern textile industry, it does not find place even among the ten largest producers Manchester, Paisley, and Glasgow are important centers.

Other Centres

• India: (Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Madurai, Coimbatore, Kota, Calcutta etc.)
• Italy: (Milan- Manchester of Italy)
• Spain: (Barcelona)

Woolen Textile Industry

The bulk of the wool is produced by a handful of developed countries- Soviet Union, USA, Japan, UK, Germany, China, France and Italy.

Soviet Union is the largest producer. The leading centers are the Moscow, Tula, and Leningrad. Ready market for the product traditional base and abundant supply of raw wool are the important advantages.

USA: In Massachusetts, Rhode Islands, Pennsylvania, New York, Wisconsin and New Jersey states the woolen textile industry has developed. Favorable cool climate, large-scale sheep rearing in northern plains, easy and cheap labour and market facility are the chief factors of localization.

Italy is a leading producer. Most of the plants are located at Naples and Po-river valley.

Chemical Industries

Distribution:

United States:

In USA, largest agglomeration of chemical industries is visible in the northern states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, Alabama, Virginia etc. Some industries often require products of other chemical industries. This interdependence or symbiotic relationship between the chemical plants forced most of the industrial establishments to settle within the same region. The other reasons responsible for this higher concentration in those states are the presence of nearby market, excellent transport facilities and availability of all kinds of raw materials within their periphery.

Reasons for the development of Chemical industry in USA:

• High degree of industrial development and stable economy.
• The development of science and technology.
• Abundant raw material reserve.
• Steady demand of the products.

CIS:

The heavy chemical industry is one of the most important and prestigious industry in Soviet Russia. The coordinated development of national industry is closely related with the growth of chemical industry. Though CIS is richly endowed with all the necessary raw materials for the development of chemical industry, it was poorly developed in Tsarist period.

At that time only a few foreign companies had their unit in Russia. The early chemical producing centres were largely concen­trated around Moscow-Tula industrial centres, St. Petersburg and Ukraine region, including Donbas, Odessa.

Japan:

The infra-structure and pro­ductivity of per worker is significantly higher than the European countries

The origin of heavy chemical industry in Japan is not very old. Only after First World War, Japan started to establish some of its chemical plants. But since then, rapid growth of this industry was very phenomenal. In the 40’s, Japan emerged as one of the leading chemical producing countries in the world.

During Second World War, most of the industries in Japan were completely devastated. Chemical industry was not the exception. The production of chemicals received a serious blow. But with herculean effort, Japan was able to rebuild its chemical industry within a very short period. Even before 1968, Japan surpassed its pre-war production level.

Most of the Japanese chemical plants are either newly constructed or completely re-built, so output and productivity is very high. All the plants are new, modernized and automated.

Japan is deficient in raw materials. More than 80 per cent of its factories are entirely dependent on imported raw materials. The only raw material abundant in Japan is sulphur, deposited extensively by volcanic eruptions. Most of the chemical plants in Japan are located within the industrial agglomerations of Osaka-Kobe, Tokyo-Yokohoma, Nagoya, Hemagi and Kyushu.

India:

India is now one of the leading manufacturers of chemical products. The urban centres of Delhi, Calcutta, Madras, Bangalore, Kanpur, Ahmedabad are leading producing centres.

Mechanical & Electrical Industries

It is based on the availability of metal (iron and steel, copper, aluminium etc) and technically skilled labour.

Important Centres:

• USA: Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, Los Angeles.
• Former USSR: Moscow, Lenin-grad andiron and steel industries regions
• UK: Birmingham.
• West Germany: Cologne, Essen.
• East Germany: Leipzig, Dresden.
• Italy: Eulogna
• Japan: Tokyo-Yokohama, Osaka, Kobe, Nagoya.
• China: Shanghai, Canton, Harbin, Tientsin.

Distribution of Petrochemical Industry

The original raw material of the industry is crude oil. Ready and easy availability of crude oil is pre-requisite of the establishment of petrochemical industry.

Petrochemicals industry locations:

The main locational factor for petrochemicals in­dustries is the presence of an oil refinery or cracking plant which can supply its basic requirements of naphtha or ethylene. Most petrochemical plants derive their raw materials directly from refineries by pipeline and many are sited in close proximity to the refineries.

In Europe the greatest concentration of petrochemicals industries is at Rotterdam/Europoort and Antwerp where plants making various chemicals are close­ly linked, and where oil and chemical companies from Germany, the Netherlands, Britain, the U.S.A. and even the U.S.S.R. all take advantage of oil im­ported from abroad.

In the U.S.A. a major concen­tration of chemicals industries is the Texas oilfield where cities such as Houston and Galveston are major refining and petrochemical centres. In Japan the most logical arrangement of all is found. Major coastal refineries are linked not only with companies pro­ducing oil-derived chemicals but also with companies producing end-products such as plastic toys or syn­thetic fibres. Such final products are usually asso­ciated with traditional industrial areas in the U.S.A. and Europe.

Petrochemical plants are not usually set up in the non-industrial producing countries, such as the Middle Eastern states, because though there are refineries they are usually less sophisticated, pro­ducing a narrower range of products. Moreover there is no large local market for the end products of the indusry.

However, in future it seems possible that the oil producers will insist on more of the refining being done locally, in larger and more versatile plants and may even attract petrochemicals industries in the long term.

Some petrochemicals industries which have an immediate relevance for the underdeveloped countries, such as the production of fertilizers, have already been introduced in Iran and other areas but the world-wide spread of most petrochemicals in­dustries will be limited by the need for large and sophisticated markets

Distribution of Automobile industry

Automobile industry requires large variety of raw materials from other industrial sources viz. steel, nonferrous metals, window-glass, plastic, rubber, wood, paint, textile, electronic cables etc.

Detroit is considered as the car capital of the world.

Factors responsible for development of automobile industry in Detroit:

Transport: It is located on the bank of Detroit River, linked to Lake Huron

In early 19th Century, flour mills developed using running water from river as energy source. later internal combustion engines for boats consequently, many repair shops opened in the region

They also started building machines needed for the iron-steel smelters in Pittsburg region.

William Durant (the father of General Motors), initially used to manufacture railway carriages in the same region.

Henry Ford, earlier worked in Detroit Automobile Company, later setup his own Ford Automobile here.

Information and Technology industry

The information technology industry deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information. Today, this industry has become global. This is due to a series of technological, political, and socio-economic events. The main factors guiding the location of these industries are resource availability, cost and infrastructure. The major hubs of the IT industry are the Silicon Valley, California and Bangalore, India.

Silicon Valley is a part of Santa Clara Valley, located next to the Rocky Mountains of North America. The area has temperate climate with the temperatures rarely dropping below 0 degrees centigrade.

Bangalore is located on the Deccan Plateau from where it gets the name ‘Silicon Plateau’. The city is known for its mild climate throughout the year.