Explanation:

None of the above is correct.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an eco-friendly approach which aims at keeping pest population at below economic threshold levels by employing all available alternate pest control methods and techniques such as cultural, mechanical and biological with emphasis on use of bio-pesticides and pesticides of plant-origin like Neem formulations.
The use of chemical pesticides is advised as a measure of last resort when pest population in the crop crosses economic threshold levels (ETL).
There are advantages and disadvantages in applying an IPM approach to pest management.

Advantages-
• number of broad-spectrum pesticide applications
• risk of pests developing resistance to pesticides
• risk to farm workers/operators
• chemical and labour costs
• damage to the environment
• risk of spray drift
• risk of pesticide residues on marketed products, with
• consumer confidence and satisfaction and
• market access opportunities.

Disadvantages include:
• more time required
• initially complicated decision-making
• crop monitoring results that can be difficult to interpret
• lack of market rewards for IPM grown product
• limited market tolerance to blemishes
• low or nil tolerance to insect contamination for low value crops.