The river interlinking project aims to link India’s rivers by a network of reservoirs and canals that will allow for their water capacities to be shared and redistributed. Some experts claim that this is an engineered panacea that will reduce persistent floods in some parts and water shortages in other parts besides facilitating the generation of hydroelectricity for an increasingly power hungry country.

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Opportunities arising out of River linking projects:

• India receives most of its rain during monsoon season from June to September, most of it falls in northern and eastern part of India, the amount of rainfall in southern and western part are comparatively low. It will be these places which will have shortage of water. Interlinking of rivers will help these areas to have water throughout the year.
• This will cut farmers dependence on monsoon rains by bringing millions of hectares of cultivatable land under irrigation.
• Crop productivity would increase and so would revenues for the State.
• Even one bad monsoon has a direct and debilitating economic impact.
• The river linking project will ease the water shortages in western and southern India while mitigating the impacts of recurrent floods in eastern India.
• The Ganga Basin, Brahmaputra basin sees floods almost every year. In order to avoid this, the water from these areas has to be diverted to other areas where there is scarcity of water. This can be achieved by linking the rivers. There is a two way advantage with this – floods will be controlled and scarcity of water will be reduced.
• Simultaneous floods and droughts continue to wreak havoc, destroying the lives and livelihoods of millions.
• India needs clean energy to fuel its development processes, and river water can be leveraged for this.
• Fulfilling water needs impact socio-economic life of people which will help end poverty.
• Need for interlinking of rivers to prevent inter-state water disputes.
• Potential benefits to transportation through navigation, as well as broadening income sources in rural areas through fishing.

Challenges posed:

• The idea that river linking would allow us to cope with flood in the north east and shortage of water in the Deccan is the positive aspect as pointed earlier but misleading one too.
• This floods come at the time when most parts of the country run short of water, we need to hold the water somewhere to use it in dry season but the amount of flowing in the short period of time in Brahmaputra and Ganga is so huge to store and use it later.
• Variability in rainfall is high which is the main source in the country, flood and drought simultaneously within the states of Bihar and Maharashtra.
• Irrigation potential from interlinking rivers will have limited impact. The net national irrigated area from big dams has decreased and India’s irrigated area has gone up primarily due to groundwater.
• Interlinking of rivers is a very expensive proposal. The amount required for these projects is so huge that government will have to take loans from the foreign sources which would increase the burden on the government and country will fall in a debt trap.
• The river interlinking project will adversely affect land, forests, biodiversity, rivers and the livelihood of millions of people.
• The Ken-Betwa link threatens about 200 sq. km of the Panna tiger reserve.
• Interlinking of rivers will lead to destruction of forests, wetlands and local water bodies, which are major groundwater recharge mechanisms.
• Less than positive experience that other countries have, like diversion of Amu Darya and the Syr Darya or the Australia’s experiments in its Murray Darling basin.
• It causes massive displacement of people. Huge burden on the government to deal with the issue of rehabilitation of displaced people.
• Due to interlinking of rivers, there will be decrease in the amount of fresh water entering seas and this will cause a serious threat to the marine life.
• The Shah committee pointed out that the linking of rivers will affect natural supply of nutrients for agricultural lands through curtailing flooding of downstream areas.

Way forward:

• To look at water as a strategic resource for development.
• Environment is one issue where anyone of us should be concerned about.
• Best practices done by China and neighbouring countries needs to be looked upon.
• The biggest, cheapest, most benign, possibly fastest and most decentralized storage option for India is the groundwater
• Invest in water conservation, more efficient irrigation and better farm practices.
• Recycling of water for internal usage as that of Israel.
• We need a mandatory enforceable river policy aimed at treating rivers as national treasure.
• Accumulation of silt in huge quantities, particularly the Ganga and its tributaries. These rivers need to be desilted.
• River linking in the south and other parts which was undertaken in the past has been going well so such model needs to be taken forward.
• Planting trees on the river banks is one way of bringing life back to the rivers.
• Forest catchments will need to be restored, wastewater from industries and towns will need to be treated, sand mining need to be stopped.
• Need to build the responsibility, capability and accountability in our water management institutions to revive our rivers.
• The judicious use of canal water, growing crops that are appropriate to a region, encouraging drip irrigation and reviving traditional systems such as tanks.

Conclusion:

The river linking project is a great challenge and an opportunity to address the water issues arising out of climate change. The long-term solution to water scarcity lies in making the IRL project work by building a network of dams and canals across the length and breadth of the country. However, interlinking has to take place after a detailed study so that does not cause any problem to the environment or aquatic life.