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Inclusive growth has been projected as the strategic pillar in the forthcoming l2th five year plan. The approach to l2th five year plan titled 'Faster, Sustainable and More Inclusive Growth' defines inclusive growth as growth which results in lower incidence of poverty, universal access to school education including skill and education, better opportunities for wage employment and livelihood, improvement in health outcomes, improvement in provision of basic amenities like water, electricity, roads, sanitation and housing. The dictionary meaning of the term “inclusive” is “comprehensive”, “not excluding any section of the society”. So, inclusive growth should benefit all sections of a society.
Planning comm. Chairman M.S.Ahluwalia explains inclusive growth as “Name of the game is growth rate that is inclusive, regionally balanced, which makes every state able to do better than in the past, which narrows the gap between different communities, which also brings in our concern for gender equality, upliftment of women, improving their educational condition and social status,
Inclusive growth is “growth that has a high elasticity of poverty reduction”, i.e. it should have a higher reduction in poverty per unit of growth.
Inclusive growth therefore is also defined in terms of reduction in inequalities in incomes, assets as well as in vertical inequalities (individual inequalities) and horizontal inequalities (group inequalities). It is defined as growth that reduces disparities in per capita incomes in agriculture and non-agriculture sectors, in rural and urban areas, and in different socioeconomic groups, particularly between men and women and among different ethnic groups.
There are prudential, political and moral reasons. Practically, we need to build an inclusive society because human resource needs to be de eloped. Education, health and skills for all, will mean huge employment, productivity, innovation, exports and so on. Politically, if there is no inclusive growth, conflicts will arise on a Mass basis and could even turn into extremist movements' like naxalism and communalism which can strike a body. blow to the integrity of the; nation. At any rate, Constitution of India, promises, inclusive growth in the Preamble and the DPSPs and so the nation owes it to all. Morally, it is inhuman to leave millions Weak and destitute while the nation is growth at an impressive rate. Challenges of achieving inclusive growth
Since July 1991, Indian economy has witnessed several reforms encompassing all the major sectors of the economy (agriculture, industry, trade, foreign investment, technology; public sector; financial institutions and so on). Due to these policies, India saw robust rates of growth of GDP.
Who is benefiting from this higher growth trajectory is the other important question. The questions that arise are can high growth provide better and secure employment to the common people? Has this growth made health and educational facilities more accessible to the common people? Has this high growth rate been able to reduce real poverty? All these issues are closely related to the title of 11th and the current l2th five year plan (2012-17).
The policy designers initially believed that generally higher GDP economic growth will 'trickle down' to lower levels. But in India, this ‘trickle down’ has not worked. Therefore, we need special interventions in terms of redesigning the growth pattern and also inclusive programmes to address the needs of the excluded.
Inclusive growth' as a strategy of economic development received attention owing to a realisation that benefits of economic growth have not been equitably shared.
The plan document makes it amply clear that inclusive growth should be reflected in better opportunities for both wage employment and livelihood and in improved provision of basic amenities such as water, electricity, roads, sanitation and housing. All sections of society — the government, farmers, businesses, labour and concerned citizens — will have to adopt newer, more effective ways of pursuing their activities, so that Indians can collectively achieve national goals. The plan document discusses the following aspects of inclusiveness:
So that adequate flow of benefits to the poor and the most marginalised.
Inclusiveness is not just about bringing those below an official fixed poverty line to a level, above is also about a growth process which is seen to be 'fair' by different socio-economic groups constitute our society. The poor are certainly one target group, but inclusiveness must also embrace the concern of other groups such as the Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), Other Backward Classes (OBCs), Minorities, the differently abled and other marginalised groups. Women can also be viewed as a disadvantaged group for this purpose.
Another aspect of inclusiveness relates to whether all States; and indeed all regions, are seen to benefit from the growth process.
In the Twelfth Plan, govt aims pay special attention to the scope for accelerating' growth in the 'States that are lagging behind. This will require strengthening of States' own capacities to, plan, to implement and to bring' greater synergies, within, their own administration and with the Central Government. An important constraint, on the growth of backward regions in the country is the poor `state, of infrastructure, especially road connectivity, schools and health facilities and the 'availability of electricity, all, of which combine to hold back development.
The efforts of the govt in this regard are FC criteria, PC transfers, Special category states, BRGF, Green revolution in the eastern region, North-eastern region Vision 2020
Releasing Vision Document 2020 for the North-Eastern Region is PM said besides developing rail and air connectivity, the government is also committed to improve road facilities in the Eleventh Plan.
The programme gets Rs 1,000 crore in his Budget for 2013-14.It was during Union Budget 2010-11 that for the first time, separate funds were allocated for the eastern parts Of the country., The scheme, which comes under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, includes .Assarn, Bihar, Jharkhand, eastern UP, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and West Bengal. Rice was a priority crop under the scheme. The other areas of focus were asset-building activities such as water management, construction of farm ponds and repair of irrigation channels. The main motive behind this. Project is to ensure food security. The idea is to tap the eastern region for food grains and pulses. The Centre has also allocated Rs.500 crore for encouraging crop diversification to promote technological innovation. The original Green Revolution States face the problem of stagnating yields and over-exploitation of water resources. The answer lies in crop diversification,
The Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme, (BRGF), launched in 2007. The BRGF Programme covers 220 district in 27 States.
Objectives
The Backward Regions Grant Fund is designed to redress regional imbalances in development by way of providing financial resources for supplementing and converging existing development inflows into the identified backward districts, so as to:
Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA) is a Central Sector scheme re-launched by Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), Government of India during remaining period of the XI Plan with support from Department of Economic Affairs and the technical asiistance of Asian Development Bank.
The scheme envisages development of rural infrastructure and is the first attempt at delivering a basket of infrastructure and amenities through PPP in rural areas.
The primary objectives of the scheme are the provision of, livelihood opportunities and urban, amenities in rural areas to bridge the rural-urban divide.
Inclusiveness also means greater attention to income inequality The extent of inequality is measured by indices such as the Gini coefficient, which provide a measure of the inequality in the distribution on a whole, or by measures that focus on particular segments such as the ratio of consumption of the top 10 per cent or 20 per cent of the population to that of the bottom 10 per cent or 20 per cent of the population, or in terms of rural–urban, such as the ratio of mean consumption in urban versus rural areas.
The plan document says that perfect equality is not found anywhere and there are many reasons why it may not even be a feasible objective. However, the idea is to keep inequality into tolerable limits.
The Plan document says that inclusiveness is not just about ensuring a broad-based flow of benefits or economic opportunities; it is also about empowerment and participation.
Finally, inclusiveness is not just about ensuring a broad based flow of benefits or economic opportunities, it is also about empowerment and participation. It is a measure of the success we have achieved in building a participatory democracy that people are no longer prepared to be passive recipients of benefits doled out by the Government. This brings to the fore issues of governance accountability and peoples 'participation to much greater extent than before. This also covers areas like access to information about government schemes, knowledge of the relevant laws and how to access justice.
Empowerment refers to increasing the political, social, educational, gender, or economic strength of individuals and communities.
India being a welfare state has many plans and programmes for the empowerment of the marginalized groups which is the hallmark of a' strategy to achieve an inclusive strategy.
The plan document repeats the MGNREGA rhetoric and says that one of the most important interventions for fostering inclusion during Eleventh Plan was the MGNREGA. While its achievements in ameliorating poverty and preventing acute distress during times of drought have been recorded and appreciated, there are also some complaints against MGNREGA, primarily on the grounds that it is a dole, involving huge expenditures that could have been spent more productively.
The document further says that wherever land productivity has improved and greater water security been delivered, small and marginal farmers working in MGNREGA sites have reverted back to farming and allied livelihoods. There is also evidence that MGNREGA is enabling crop diversification, particularly into horticulture, wherever it has adequately converged with schemes of Agricultural Departments.
The document stresses on the quality of assets created, which will determine whether MGNREGA can go beyond the safety net to become a springboard for entrepreneurship, even at the lowest income levels.
While striving for faster and more inclusive growth, the Twelfth Plan must also pay attention to the problem of sustainability. No development process can afford to neglect the environmental consequences of economic activity, or allow unsustainable depletion and deterioration of natural resources.
India has a young, population, and consequently, the labour force, is expected to increase over the next 20 years. This ‘demographic dividend' can add to, our growth potential through its impact on the supply of labour and also, via the falling dependency ratio. To reap t is demographic we must ensure that our younger citizens come into the labour-force with higher levels and the skills needed to support rapid growth, The SSA has brought us close to the target of universalisation of primary education and the Right to Education Act (RTE) 2009 makes eight years of elementary education a fundamental right for all the children. The MDM Scheme has ensured that retention in schools has improved greatly. However, the learning outcomes for a majority of children continue to be disappointing. Addressing the quality issue in objective of equality of opportunities.
The success of the SSA has put pressure on expanding the capacity of secondary schools and the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA).
Health is another critical dimension of human capability, which needs much greater attention in e Twelfth Plan. At present, less than 30 per cent of outpatient and less than half of inpatient health care capacity of the country is in the public sector. It is, therefore, essential to expand public sector capacity in health care especially in the rural' areas. The NRHM, launched during the Tenth Platt made an important start in expanding health care facilities in rural areas. While additional infrastructure has been created, there are large shortages of personnel, especially specialists in rural health facilities, reflecting the fact that trained human resources in health are in short supply and it takes many years to set up new medical colleges to train the required number of doctors.
Twelfth Plan will therefore see the transformation of the NRHM into a National Health Mission, covering both rural and urban areas. An important component of the National Health Mission will be the Urban Health Initiative for the poor, providing public sector primary care facilities in selected low-income urban areas.
The longer-term objective of Health Policy must be the provision of Universal Health Care (UHC), whereby anyone who wants it is assured of access to a well-defined set of health care entitlements.
PM-JAY (Pradhan Mantri - Jan Arogya Yojana is an important step in this direction. The scheme was launched in 2018. It is the largest health insurance scheme in the world which aims at provding a health cover of Rs.5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization to approximately 50 crore beneficiaries that form the bottom 40% of the population.
The problem of providing safe drinking water is particularly acute in rural area. The incidence of ‘slipped back’ habitations appears to be accelerating the serious problems o water quality have emerged in many areas.
Sanitation and clean drinking water are critical determinants of health and are complementary to each other. The problem of sanitation in urban areas is also very serious since almost all our cities, including even the State capitals and major metros, have a large percentage of the population (45 per cent in Delhi) not connected to the sewar system.
The ability to access information is an important institutionally capability we need to develop, lack of ready access information is often a major impediment in efforts to improve the well-being of the people. The parents of babies born in municipal hospitals in Bengaluru get an SMS alert, when the next vaccination is due. The Aadhar project, which provides a unique identification step forward, Identity can be difficult to establish. Experiments with using Aadhar to make payments under MGNREGS electronically into no frill bank accounts which can be accessed through mobile phones have begun in 51 districts. It will soon be possible for large-scale use of the Aadhar Platform to make various types of government payments due to individuals in a seamless manner electronically avoiding problems of misuse and leakage.
The Twelfth Plan also needs to focus on developing the capabilities of our institutions to perform the increasingly complex and demanding tasks expected of them. We have three pillars of governance (Legislature, Executive and Judiciary) and three tiers of government (Centre, State and Panchayats/ULBs). The capabilities of these inst lotions to deliver on their mandate need to be greatly improved. The gaps are mosy evident at the lowest level of PRIs and ULBs, where trained personnel are lacking and the training systems are also inadequate.
Planning Commission says that the capacity to implement is low at all levels of government. The government simply does not function with the efficiency that is required in the twenty-first because of the lack of motivation at various levels, but it is primarily.
Delivery of Public Services are many States is hampered by weak institutional capacity. Thus, although public hospitals may have trained doctors and nurses and public schools may have teachers, neither of these institutions will have administrator who are trained in the operation of health care or educational institutions.
The first step in reforming public service delivery is to devise mechanisms for measuring the extent of public satisfaction with public services and publicizing the results. The Delhi Government’s experiment with Bhagidhari is example of citizen involvement and consultation.
Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP);
MUDRA Bank Scheme;
Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY);
Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM);
Bharat Nirman;
Swachh Bharat Mission;
Mission Ayushman;
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
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