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The non power programme centers around radiation and isotope technology programme to meet the growing demand in industries, health care services, agriculture and research.
Radioactivity is the process by which atoms omit radiation (atomic particles and rays of high energy) from their nuclei (cores).
Artificial radioactive isotopes, known also as radioisotopes, were produced for the first time in 1933 by the French physicists Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie. Radioisotopes are prepared by the bombardment of naturally occurring atoms with nuclear particles, such as neutrons, electrons, protons, and alpha particles using particle accelerators.
The separation of isotopes of the same element from each other is difficult. Centrifuge and Distillation, Thermal Diffusion, Electrolysis, Gaseous Diffusion, Electromagnetism are few methods by which the radioisotopes can be separated.
Radio carbon dating is a technique of determining the age of very old objects. Carbon exists in three isotopic forms 12C, 13C and 14C, of which only 14C is radioactive. Small quantities of radioactive isotope 14C are formed in the upper atmosphere when nitrogen in the air is bombarded with cosmic rays.
14C is distributed throughout the earth's atmosphere as CO2 and is taken up by plants and passed on to the animal kingdom in food. Plants also take up 12C as CO2. So the ratio of 12C to 14C in the atmosphere and in living beings remains constant.
However, when the organism dies the supply of 14C is not renewed and the quantity of 14C starts diminishing gradually due to radioactive decay whereas the amount of 12C remains the same. 14C has a half life of 5760 years.
That is, the radioactivity becomes exactly half by the end of 5760 years. Thus the ratio of 12C to 14C also reduces to half by the end of 5760 years. In a given situation it could be any fraction depending upon the age of the dead organism.
Thus one can determine the age of an object such as a piece of wood or bone by measuring the ratio of 12C to 14C in the object in relation to the ratio of these two isotopes in the atmosphere.
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