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Missile systems
AGNI-V – India proudly entered the exclusive club as the sixth country on 19 April 2012, when its Long-range Ballistic Missile took to sky on its maiden flight and reached the pre-designated target point over 5000 km away in the Indian Ocean with remarkable accuracy.
The missile which was launched from Wheeler Island off Orissa Coast incorporates many indigenously developed technologies. These include the composite rocket motor, state-of-the-art avionics, 5th generation ‘On Board Computer’ distributed architecture, highly accurate Ring Laser Gyro-based inertial navigation system (RINS), reliable redundant micro navigation system and the re-entry kit shield that withstands temperature with more than 4000 degree celsius ensuring that avionics function normally by maintaining an inside temperature less than 50 degreescelsius.
AGNI-IV – The 4000 km range nuclear capable ballistic missile Agni-IV was successfully flight tested on 19 Sep 2012. The long-range missile propelled by composite rocket motor technology was tested for its cool capability. Launched from road mobile launcher, it reached the predefined target in about 20 minutes.
Agni-I, India’s 700 km range ballistic missile had its flight tests on 13 July and 12 Dec 2012.The 2000 km range ballistic missile Agni-II and Agni-III with a range of 3000 km were test fired on 09 Aug and 21 Sept 2012 respectively.
Name
Type
Range
Agni-I
MRBM
700 – 1,250 km (Operational)
Agni-II
IRBM
2,000 – 3,000 km (Operational)
Agni-III
3,500 – 5,000 km (Operational)
Agni-IV
3,000 – 4,000 km (Testing)
Agni-V
ICBM
5,000 – 8,000 km(Testing)
Agni-VI
8,000 – 10,000 km(Under development)
Control and Navigation Tests (CNT) for long-range surface-to-air missile(LRSAM), a joint development Programme between DRDO and Israel Aerospace Industry (IAI), to develop an Advanced Naval Air Defence System for Indian Navy) were conducted on 16th and 18th July 2012. All Planned mission objectives were fully met in both the tests. The missiles showed good navigation and control performance. DRDO is the Prime Development Agency and IAI the design authority for supply, installation and final acceptance.
Trishul
Developed by DRDO, its a quick reaction Surface to Air Missile. It can be used as an anti-sea skimmer from a ship against a low flying attacking missiles. It employs dual thrust propulsion stage using high-energy solid propellant. Trishul, with its quickest reaction time, high frequency operation, high manouverability, high lethal capacity and multi-roles for three services, is a state-of-art system providing considerable advantage to the Armed Forces.
Nirbhay Subsonic Cruise Missile
Nirbhay is India's first indigenous Long Range Subsonic Cruise Missile, developed and designed by DRDO. It can carry a warhead of 200kg to 300kg at a speed of 0.6 to 0.7 MACH with a launch weight of about 1500kg. It can avoid detection as it has ability to cruise at heights as low as 100m. It is powered by solid rocket motor booster and has a range of about 1000km. The successful development would provide a definite boost to armed forces, indigenous defense industry and India's capability to design and develop lethal weapons of strategic importance.
Air Defense Missiles
Advanced MRSAM
MRSAM stands for Medium Range Surface to Air Missiles. It is an advanced, all weather, mobile, land-based air defense system. It is capable of engaging multiple aerial targets at ranges of more than 50km. It will be jointly developed by ISRAEL and DRDO with the involvement of private sectors and DPSUs. The system will have majority indigenous content, giving boost to the Make-in India Initiative.
MRSAM is a land based variant of the long range surface-to-air missile Barak-8 Naval Air Defense System (also known as LRSAM). Barak-8 is designed to operate from navel vesels and has range upto 100km and was jointly developed with Israel.
With Agni-I, Agni-II, Agni-III andPrithvi P-IIsurface to surface missile and also its naval version Dhanushalready in the arsenal of the Indian Armed Forces, the missile from the production lots were flight tested by the Armed Forces as part of training exercises to ensure defence preparedness. The 350 km range surface-to-surface strategic missile Prithvi (P-II) was successfully flight tested on 25 Aug and 04 Oct 2012 from ITR Chandipur, Odisha. While its naval version Dhanush was test fired from a naval ship off the coast of Balasore, Odisha on 05 Oct 2012.
Brah-Mos Block III version with advanced guidance algorithm was flight tested on 28 Mar 2012 from ITR Balasore. The missile flew through the designated 290 kms distance at Mach 2.8 and achieved high precision with steep dive.
DRDO has developed a two-layer Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) capability against missiles with range upto 2000 km class. Both the exo and endo atmospheric interception have been demonstrated with direct hits leading to disintegration of target missile.
Endo-Atmospheric Interceptor Missile
Recently, India successfully test-fired its indigenously developed Advanced Air Defense (AAD) supersonic interceptor missile. It is an indigenously developed single stage missile powered by solid propellant. It has a navigation system, mobile launcher, secure data link for interception, independent tracking and sophisticated radars. It is capable of destroying incoming ballistic missile at low altitufe within 30km of the Earth's Atmosphere.
Ballistic Missile Defense system
It is being developed by DRDO in order to develop multi-layered ballistic missile defense system to protect the country against rogue attacks. India has developed functional 'Iron Dome' Ballistic Missile which comprise of Endo and Exo Atmospheric Missiles. With this India has become the 5th nation in the world to have a robust Ballistic Missile Defense System, after US, Russia, Israel and China.
Induction and productionisation of Akash, the medium range air defence system with multi-target, multi directional capability is another shining achievement. The production value of Akash missile systems ordered by Army and Air Force is over Rs 23,000 crores. Orders for two Army regiments and six Air Force Squadrons are under execution.
In December 2017 DRDO successfully test fired indigenously developed Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile (QRSAM). It is a canister-based high-speed and short-range weapon system. It is all-weather and all-terrain missile having electronic counter measures against all known aircraft jammers. The missile uses high energy solid propellant. Being a highly mobile air defense system it can destroy multiple targets at a distance of 25 km in less than one minute. It can also deceive enemy radars making it difficult to be detected. It is acknowledged as a unique system in its class and is expected to supplement medium range surface-to-air missile Akash.
Nag Anti-Tank Missile, the fire and forget anti-tank missile with top attack capability is another important missile developed by DRDO. Its helicopter mounted version, Helina, underwent 2 successful flights from ground launcher proving full range of the missile.
DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organization) has developed a new tactical surface-to-surface missile Pragati which has a range between 60-170 km. India will offer the missile to friendly nations.
The Pragati missile is based on the Prahaar missile developed by the DRDO for the Army. The missile was the main exhibit of the DRDO which is showcasing an array of indigenous weapons at the Seoul International Aerospace and Defense Exhibition (ADEX 2013).
Light Combat Aircraft–Navy (LCA-Navy) - had its first flight on 27th April 2012 followed by flights during month of Jun/Jul 2012. Initial Operation Clearance of this aircraft is expected by Dec 2014. LCA, country’s first indigenous modern Light Combat Aircraft with four variants (air force, Navy and their trainer versions), is a precision weapon launch platform to carry a range of Air to Air missile, unguided rockets and bombs. The aircraft is integrated with advanced cockpit, digital avionics and weapons interface, to provide effective point and shoot capability with quick turnaround time. A Shore based Test facility (SBTF); one of its kind in Asia and third in the world; developed by DRDO at Naval Air Station INS Hansa, Goa is now ready for use. Besides testing of LCA-Navy, the test facility will also be used for training of pilots on LCA - Navy and MiG29K aircraft.
In a landmark event the first EMB-145I aircraft fully modified for the indigenous Airborne Early Warning and Control System (AEW&C) landed on Indian soil at CABS (Centre for Airborne Systems, Bangalore, a DRDO laboratory) on 23 Aug 2012.
There have been significant achievements in the field of UAVs. NISHANT, with its ground control system has been made ready for the Army after confirmatory trials. An indigenous Wankel rotary engine has been developed by DRDO jointly with NAL, Bangalore, for powering UAVs like NISHANT. Rotary engine technology, especially suited for such applications, is the first of its kind in India. Orders for Lakshya II pilotless target aircraft; capable of flying in sea skimming mode and tree top heights; are expected from the Services after successful demonstration to them. Similarly, UAV Rustom-I, a forerunner to Mediun Altitude Long Range (MALE) UAV Rustom-2, had series of successful trials. Indigenously designed and developed RUSTOM-1 underwent series of successful test flights. This UAV has the potential to be used for military missions like Reconnaissance, Surveillance, Target Acquisition, Target Designation, Communications Relay, Battle Damage Assessment and Signal Intelligence. A mini UAV -‘NETRA’, especially suited for Low intensity conflict operations was inducted by the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF). ‘NETRA’ has four high speed propellers allowing it to take off and land vertically. Similarly a fixed wing mini UAV for low intensity conflict was demonstrated to security forces at various locations for surveillance within the range of 10 kms. It is also useful in reconnaissance over hills.
India tested its first indigenous air-to-air Beyond Visual Range (BVR) ‘Astra’ missile from a Sukhoi-30MKI fighter jet, marking an important achievement in the development of complex BVR weapons. Astra will initially provide a 44-km range with “high single-shot kill probability”, while its Mark-II version will be able to hit hostile aircraft over 100 km away. It is being developed by DRDO
India is also likely to initiate testing the 290-km supersonic BrahMos cruise missile from the heavy-duty Sukhoi-30MKIs by the end of 2014. So, while Astra is being developed to smash enemy aircrafts, BrahMos will give incisive land-strike capability against hostile targets.
Importance: Currently, IAF jets are armed with very costly Russian, French and Israeli missiles. These indigenously developed Astra Missiles are comparatively very cheaper. Only a few countries like the US, Russia, France and Israel have managed to develop BVR missiles till now. It is therefore important due to economic and strategic reasons for India to have an indigenous air-to-air BVR missile like Astra.
Special features: “Target lock-on” capabilities both before and after launch; Advanced ECCM (Electronic Counter-Counter Measures); Active radar terminal guidance; Smokeless propulsion; Process improved effectiveness in multi-target scenarios
There has been a significant achievement in the Electronic Warfare Area which includes integration and testing of country’s first indigenous active array radar, operationalisation of Combat Information Decision Support System (CIDSS) and development and testing of laser based ordnance Disposal System and advanced Laser Guided Bomb Tester. The initial development of Indira-1, a short range 2D system has now been extended to high power 3D system like 3D Central Acquisition Radar and Weapon Locating Radar (WLR) based on phased array. The DRDOs radar warning receivers have been selected to upgrade most of Indian Air Force aircrafts like MiG 21, MiG 29, SU 30MKI, MiG 27 and Jaguars.
Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL), the aerospace major, signed the Preliminary Design Phase (PDP) Contract on 12 October 2012with the United Aircraft Corporation - Transport Aircraft (UAC-TA), the Russian partner and their JV-Multirole Transport Aircraft Ltd (MTAL) for the Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA) project as a follow on contract of the General Contract signed between the three parties in May 2012. “With this HAL and UAC-TA will start the preliminary designwork immediately at Moscow.
Mi-17 V5 helicopter was inducted into the Indian Air Force (IAF) on 17 February 2012. This helicopter falls in the category of armed helicopter, with substantial and effective firepower with the latest and more powerful engines that will greatly enhance its payload carriage capability at higher altitudes.Mi-17 V5, an upgrade of Mi-17 in the medium-lift category, is equipped with state-of-the-art avionics and on-board Navigation Systems. It is a glass cockpit variant; the first of its kind to get inducted into the IAF. It has onboard weather radar, state of the art autopilot and is compatible with the latest Generation (Gen-III) Night vision Goggles. With this, the helicopter can undertake all-weather, day and night operations in any kind of terrain. The helicopter is also equipped with a Bambi-Bucket that can be used for fire fighting. It is also fitted with a powerful winch–a feature useful in the Disaster Relief Operations in restricted areas where landing is not possible.
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for Smerch Rockets - Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) signed a Memorandum of Understanding for a Joint Venture with M/s Rosoboronexport, Russia and M/s Splav “SPA”, Russia to manufacture five versions of SmerchRockets based on the technology received from Russia. The SmerchRockets are technologically superior having a range of 70-80- kms. With formation of this Joint Venture, a new Chapter in the Indo-Russian Friendship has commenced.
A high-wing, 4-engine, T-tailed military-transport aircraft, the multi-service Boeing, C-17 can carry large equipment, supplies and troops directly to small airfields in harsh conditions.It has the potential to carry 75 tonnes of load which is almost double the capacity of Russian IL-76 in the IAF inventory which can carry only around 40 tonnes.It will boost up IAF’s flexibility in terms of operational response and with the heavy lift capability it could easily move troops and heavy tanks to required locations.It will have a greater strategic reach of up to 4000 kms and will also be very useful in relief operation with its capabilities of being operational under all conditions and abilities to take-off from short runways with heavy loads.
It is the world’s most advanced and tactical aircraft primarily supports India’s special operations requirement. It ideally suits India’s missionenvironment, which often involves operating out of austere, high-elevation airstrips in hot conditions. It is equipped with an Infrared Detection Set (IDS), the aircraft can perform precision low-level flying, airdrops and landing in blackout conditions. It is powered by four Rolls Royce AE2100 engines and Dowty six bladed props which provide the aircraft with tremendous power.
Self-protection systems and other features are included to ensure aircraft survivability in hostile airdefenseenvironments. The aircraft also is equipped with air-to-air receiver refueling capability for extended range operations.
The rugged aircraft demonstrated its agility when IAF landed it at the world’s highest airstrip in Daulat Beg Oldi, in J&K, the place where Indian and Chinese troops had a stand-off recently.The aircraft showed that it can even land at a small forward airbase on a semi-prepared runway.
It’s a variant of the P-8A Poseidon design is based on the Boeing Next Generation 737-800 aircraft.possessed by the US Navymanufactured by Boeing. It is a long-range, multimission maritime patrol aircraft to replace the ageing fleet of Tupolev Tu-142 aircraft in the Indian Navy designed to protect the vast coastline and territorial waters of India.
It can conduct Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW), Anti-Surface Warfare (AsuW), intelligence, maritime patrol, surveillance and reconnaissance missions. It is equipped with magnetic anomaly detection (MAD) system, APS-143C(V)3 multimode radar and a global version of the Raytheon APY-10 surveillance radar, BEL Data Link II communications system and a speech secrecy system from Electronics Corporation of India (ECIL).
Arjun Mk-II the advanced version of India’s first main battle tank Arjun, commenced its user trials in record time of 2 yrs. The Arjun Mk-II incorporates 89 improvements over the Arjun Mk-I, of which, two regiments are already in service.
The Indian Navy is one of the largest navies in the worldand as of 2016 possesses two aircraft carriers, one amphibious transport dock, 9 Landing ship tanks, 10 destroyers, 14 frigates, one nuclear-powered attack submarine, 14 conventionally-powered attack submarines, 24 corvettes, 7 mine countermeasure vessels, 10 large offshore patrol vessels, 4 fleet tankers and various auxiliary vessels and small patrol boats. With Pakistan on the west and the ever expanding Chinese Navy flexing its muscles in the waters close to Indian coastline, the Indian Navy has an extremely important task of guarding the country and its economic interests.
Aircraft carriers:
INS Vikramaditya is a floating airfield of the Indian Navy and has an overall length of about 284 meters.The maximum beam is about 60 meters, which is equal to the size of three football fields together. Standing about 20 storeys tall from keel to the highest point, the sheer sight of this 44,500 tonne mega structure of steel is awe inspiring.The ship has the ability to carry over 30 aircraft comprising an assortment of MiG 29K/Sea Harrier, Kamov 31, Kamov 28, Sea King, ALH-Dhruv and Chetak helicopters. The MiG 29K swing role fighter is the main offensive platform and provides a quantum jump for the Indian Navy’s maritime strike capability.
INS Viraat is the British-built aircraft carrier, which was commissioned into the Royal Navy in 1957. It was inducted into the Indian Navy on May 12, 1987. Between 1987 and 1995, the warship served alongside INS Vikrant - India's first aircraft carrier. In Sanskrit language means 'Giant'. It is a Centaur class Aircraft Carrier. She is the oldest aircraft carrier in service in the world and is one of three carriers based in the Indian Ocean region.
INS Delhi: The Delhi class destroyers are classified as guided-missile destroyers of the Indian Navy. Three ships of this class are in active service. It is third-largest warships to be fully designed and built in India, after the Kolkata-class destroyers and the Shivalik-class frigates. These ships have been built at Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai.
INS Kolkata: Kolkata class destroyers are follow-on of the legendary Project 15 ‘Delhi’ class destroyers which pressed in to service in late 1990s.
INS Rajput: Rajput class destroyers are also known as Kashin-II class. The ships were built in the former Soviet Union. These ships are the first ships in the Indian Navy to deploy the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile systems. The role of Rajput class ships involves protection such as anti-aircraft and anti-submarine warfare for carrier task force defense against submarines, low-flying aircraft, and cruise missiles.
INS Shivalik: It is a multi-role frigate and is the first-of-its kind warships built in India incorporating stealth features. The ships of this class have been built by Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai. The category - classification is named after the Indian Mountain Ranges by the name of 'Shivalik Hills'.
INS Talwar: The frigate was built in Russia under an Indo-Russian joint production. The Talwar class guided missile frigates are modified Krivak III class frigates from Russia. It has a displacement of 4,000 tons and speed of 30 knots and is capable of accomplishing a wide variety of naval missions. It can locate and eliminate enemy submarines and large surface ships.
INS Kamorta: The ship is fitted with Anti-submarine Rockets and Torpedoes, Medium and Close-in Weapon Systems and indigenous surveillance radar Revathi. The ship is also capable of carrying an integral Anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopter.
The Western Fleet of Indian Navy in Mumbai faced security challenges during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 due to congestion in the shipping lanes from commercial shipping traffic, fishing boats and tourists. To address these concerns several options were mulled over after the war. Alternative locations for a base on the west coast were considered, including Thiruvananthapuram, Kannur and Thoothukudi. In the early 1980s, then Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Oscar Stanley Dawson proposed a dedicated naval base between the hills of the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea near Karwar in Karnataka state.Advantages of Karwar (Karnataka) as Naval Base:
The Karwar base will be one of the largest naval bases of India and will be executed in two phases. It will house various warships including India’s largest warship and aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya. INS Kadamba is an Indian Navy base situated near Karwar in Karnataka.
The phase I of the base, known as Project Seabird, was completed in 2005 and the base was commissioned on May 31, 2005.
The phase II of the project began in 2011. At present, INS Kadamba is the third largest Indian naval base, and is expected to become the largest naval base in the eastern hemisphere after completion of expansion Phase IIB.
SUBMARINES
Scorpene Class Submarines
These are conventional diesel electric attack submarines. These submarines can undertake various missions such as anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, mine laying and area surveillance. Under Project 75, Indian Navy aims to acquire 6 Scorpene Class Submarines. Three of these submarines (INS Kalvari, INS Khandari, INS Karanj) have been commissioned while remaining three (Vela, Vagir and Vagsheer) are in various stages of outfitting.
Arihant Class Submarine
This is a class of nuclear powered ballistic missiles submarines being built for Indian Navy. They were developed under ATV Project (Advanced Technology Vehicle). The lead vessel of this class INS Arihant was launched in 2009 after extensive sea trials and was commissioned in 2016. It is based on the design of the Russian Project 971 Akula I-class nuclear powered attack submarine.
After the induction of INS Arihant and INS Ardhiman India has become 6th country in the world to have nuclear powered submarine after 5 UNSC Permanent Members : USA, UK, China, Russia and France.
Other defence systems
Muntra, the first unmanned, remotely operated tank of India has been made by DRDO for surveillance missins, mine detection and reconnaissance in areas with nuclear and biological threat. It has significant utility in combating Naxalites as well. This tank has a radar, an integrated camera along with laser range finder which can spy on a ground target 15 km away. Muntra will have 3 different types of tanks:
i) Muntra S: For Surveillance Mission
ii) Muntra M: For detecting Mines
iii) Muntra N: For operation in areas where there is nuclear or bio-weapon risks
A multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicle (MIRV) warhead is a collection of separate warheads. By contrast a unitary warhead is a single warhead on a single missile
The Fajr-5 is an artillery rocket developed by Iran in the 1990s. The system is part of the Fajr family of rockets. The Fajr-5 missile, which is launched from a mobile platform, reportedly has a range of 75 kilometers (50 mi). Also a two stage version of the rocket is reported to be produced with a length of 9 m and range of 190 km.It is reported that Iran has supplied a number of these rockets to Hezbollah forces in Lebanon in 2006.
During the 2006 Lebanon War Hezbollah militants fired rockets deeper into Israel than in past conflicts. Hezbollah has called these rockets the Khaibar-1. Israeli police bomb experts believe the rockets are an enhanced version of the Iranian-made Fajr-5 rockets. The attack attained the longest range of its kind from the Lebanese border to date.In November 2012 during Operation Pillar of Defense, Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad fired Fajr-5 rockets towards Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. One hit an apartment block in Rishon LeZion. Others were intercepted by Iron Dome or fell in an unpopulated area.
The commander of the Iranian Guard said that Iran did not supply Gaza with a Fajr-5 missile but transferred the technology to manufacture it to the Palestinian.
Iron Dome also known as "Iron Cap" is a mobile all-weather air defense system developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems.It is a missile system designed to intercept and destroy short-range rockets and artillery shells fired from distances of 4 to 70 kilometers away and whose trajectory would take them to a populated area.
Israel hopes to increase the range of Iron Dome’s interceptions, from the current maximum of 70 km (45 miles) to 250 km and make it more versatile so that it could intercept rockets coming from two directions simultaneously. The system, created as a defensive countermeasure to the rocket threat against Israel's civilian population on its northern and southern borders, uses technology first employed in Rafael's SPYDER system.
Iron Dome was declared operational and initially deployed on 27 March 2011 near Beersheba. On 7 April 2011, the system successfully intercepted a Grad rocket launched from Gaza for the first time.On 10 March 2012, The Jerusalem Post reported that the system shot down 90% of rockets launched from Gaza that would have landed in populated areas.By November 2012, it had intercepted 400+ rockets. Based on this success,the Iron Dome system is also effective against aircraft up to an altitude of 32,800 ft (10,000 m).
An unmanned combat air vehicle or combat drone or simply "drone" is an unmanned aerial vehicle that is armed and has no onboard pilot. Currently operational drones are under real-time human control of unknown precision
Drones change the nature of modern aerial combat. Controllers of drones are in no immediate danger, unlike jet pilots. As a highly advanced use of robots in war, drones also prompt fundamental questions about the relationship of warriors to war, and soldiers to their weapons
In terms of military logistics, much of the equipment necessary for a human pilot (such as the cockpit, ejection seat, flight controls, and environmental controls for pressure & oxygen) can be omitted from an unmanned vehicle, resulting in a decrease in weight. This may allow greater payloads, range and maneuverability. However the distance between the pilot and the aircraft will naturally result in slower response time or latency.
MQ-9 Reaper
The General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper (formerly called Predator B) is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), capable of remote controlled or autonomous flight operations, developed by General Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA-ASI).
The General Atomics MQ-1 Predator is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) used primarily by the United States Air Force (USAF) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Initially conceived in the early 1990s for reconnaissance and forward observation roles, the Predator carries cameras and other sensors but has been modified and upgraded to carry and fire two AGM-114 Hellfire missiles or other munitions. The aircraft, in use since 1995, has seen combat over Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bosnia, Serbia, Iraq, Yemen, Libya, and Somalia.
The AGM-114 Hellfire is an air-to-surface missile (ASM) developed primarily for anti-armor use. It has multi-mission, multi-target precision-strike capability, and can be launched from multiple air, sea, and ground platforms. The Hellfire missile is the primary 100 lb-class air-to-ground precision weapon for the armed forces of the United States and many other nations
Kevlar is the registered trademark for a para-aramid synthetic fiber. This high strength material was first commercially used in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires. Typically it is spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such or as an ingredient in composite material components
Currently, Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle tires and racing sails to body armor because of its high tensile strength-to-weight ratio; by this measure it is 5 times stronger than steel on an equal weight basis. It is also used to make modern drumheads that hold up withstanding high impact. When used as a woven material, it is suitable for mooring lines and other underwater applications.
The Motorola RAZR Family has a kevlar backplate, chosen over other materials such as carbon fiber due to its resilience and lack of interference with signal transmission.
The Lockheed Martin/Boeing F-22 Raptor is a single-seat, twin-engine fifth-generation supermaneuverable fighter aircraft that uses stealth technology. It was designed primarily as an air superiority fighter, but has additional capabilities that include ground attack, electronic warfare, and signals intelligence roles
The Rafale was one of the six fighter aircraft competing for the Indian MRCA Competition for 126 multi-role fighters. Originally, the Mirage 2000 had been considered for the competition, but Dassault withdrew the Mirage in favour of the Rafale. In April 2011, the Indian Air Force (IAF) shortlisted Dassault Rafale and Euro fighter Typhoon for the US$ 10.4 billion contraction 31 January 2012, the IAF announced the Rafale as the preferred bidder in the competition.
The Chengdu J-20 (Jian-20) is a purported fifth-generation, stealth, twin-engine fighter aircraft prototype developed by Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group for the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF)
The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) announced the setting up of a Nuclear Command thumb. While India would continue its policy of ‘no-first use’ against nuclear states, it would have the option of retaliating with nuclear weapon when attacked with chemical or biological weapons by even non-nuclear states. The CCS also cleared the appointment of a Commander-in-chief of Tri-series, SFC to manage all strategic forces.
The government announces the formation of Nuclear Command Authority (NCA) which will be solely responsible for ordering a nuclear strike. The NCA has 2 bodies – Political Council headed by Prime Minister and Executive Council. Only Political Council can give the green signal to push nuclear button on the advice of Executive Council headed by National Security Advisor. The executive council chaired by the National Security Advisor to the Prime Minister, will provide inputs for decision making by the National Command Authority and execute the directive given to it by the Political Council.
The Cabinet Committee also approved the appointment of a “Commander-in-Chief” Strategic Forces Command (SFC) who would be responsible for the Administration of the Nuclear force; it will be the custodian of all nuclear weapons and delivery systems. It will also formulate the strategy for retaliation and advise the chief of staff committee (CSC) and actually fire the nukes. According to official souses, Air marshal T.M. Asthana has been appointed as the first commander in chief of the SFC.
Once the committee receives inputs from the SFC, it will provide military advice to the political council of the nuclear command authority through executive council.
India has more than one alternative nuclear command structure in place authoritative official sources said. In the event of a surprise attack, “these alternative command authorities would be in a position to take retaliatory action.” In declaring this Government provided the missing piece in the nuclear doctrine it had announced earlier.
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