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Chapter 1 TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A THOUSAND YEARS
“Hindustan”-
Historians and their Sources
New Social and Political Groups
New technologies-
Language and region
Sanskrit
Did not belong to any region.
It was an old language and “common people do not know it, only the Brahmanas do”.
Region and Empire
Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266-1287)
Old and New Religions
Important changes in Hinduism-
Chapter 2 NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS
The emergence of new dynasties
Administration in the kingdoms
Warfare for wealth
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (Afghanistan)
Chauhans or Chahamanas
From Uraiyur to Thanjavur
Splendid temples and bronze sculpture
Prashastis and land grants
Agriculture and Irrigation
Chola Empire
Types of land in Chola Empire Chola inscriptions mention several categories of land. Vellanvagai land of non-Brahmana peasant proprietors Brahmadeya land gifted to Brahmanas Shalabhoga land for the maintenance of a school Devadana, tirunamattukkani land gifted to temples Pallichchhandam land donated to Jaina institutions
Types of land in Chola Empire
Chola inscriptions mention several categories of land.
land of non-Brahmana peasant proprietors
land gifted to Brahmanas
land for the maintenance of a school
land gifted to temples
land donated to Jaina institutions
The administration of the empire
For example-
Inscriptions from Uttaramerur in Chingleput district
Chapter 3 THE DELHI SULTANS
Tarikh (singular)/ tawarikh (plural)-
The Rulers of Delhi
RAJPUT DYNASTIES
EARLY TURKISH RULERS 1206-1290
KHALJI DYNASTY 1290 - 1320
TUGHLUQ DYNASTY 1320 - 1414
SAYYID DYNASTY 1414 - 1451
LODI DYNASTY 1451 - 1526
Raziyya Sultan-
From garrison town to empire The expansion of the Delhi Sultanate
Alauddin Khalji’s campaign into South India
The Masjid
Administration and Consolidation under the Khaljis and Tughlaq
There were three types of taxes –
Chieftains and their fortifications
The Sultanate in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
Chapter 4 THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
Mughals-
Mughal marriages with the Rajputs-
Mughal Relations with Other Rulers
Mughal Military Campaigns
Babur (1526- 1530)
HUMAYUN 1530-1540, 1555-1556
AKBAR 1556-1605
(1) 1556-1570 – Akbar became independent of the regent Bairam Khan and other members of his domestic staff.
(2) 1570-1585 – military campaigns in Gujarat were followed by campaigns in the east in Bihar, Bengal and Orissa.
These campaigns were complicated by the 1579-1580 revolt in support of Mirza Hakim.
(3) 1585-1605 – expansion of Akbar’s empire. Campaigns were launched in the north-west.
Jahangir 1605-1627
Shah Jahan 1627-1658
Aurangzeb 1658-1707
Zat ranking-
Mansabdars and Jagirdars
Zabt and Zamindars
Akbar Nama and Ain-i Akbari
Akbar’s Policies
The Mughal Empire in 17th Century & After
Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings
Engineering Skills and Construction
Two technological and stylistic developments are noticeable from 12th century
(1) The weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was sometimes carried by arches.
(2) Limestone cement was increasingly used in construction.
Why were Temples Destroyed?
A painting from the Akbar Nama (dated 1590-1595), showing the construction of the water-gate at the Agra Fort.
Rajarajeshvara temple-
Gardens, Tombs and Forts
Mughal chahar baghs
Temple of Govind Deva in Vrindavan, 1590-
Chapter 6 TOWNS, TRADERS AND CRAFTSPERSONS
Centres of trade and artisanal production in central and south India
Temple Towns and Pilgrimage Centres
A Network of Small Towns
KABUL
Administrative Centres
Thanjavur
Bronze, bell metal & the “lost wax” technique
A bronze statue of Krishna subduing the serpent demon Kaliya
Taxes on markets
Traders Big and Small
Crafts in Towns
The Architectural Splendour of Hampi
A Gateway to the West: Surat
New Towns and Traders
The changing fortunes of towns
Fishing in Troubled Waters: Masulipatnam
Why did the English and the Dutch decide to establish settlements in Masulipatnam?
Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus
Chapter 7 TRIBES, NOMADS & SETTLED COMMUNITIES
Beyond Big Cities: Tribal Societies
Tribal People
Bronze crocodile, Kutiya Kond tribe, Orissa
How Nomads and Mobile People Lived
Major Tribes
Changing Society: New Castes & Hierarchies
Deliberations on jati
The Gonds
The Ahoms
Tribes of eastern India
The Mongols
Chapter 8 DEVOTIONAL PATHS TO THE DIVINE
The Idea of a Supreme God
A New Kind of Bhakti in South India– Nayanars & Alvars
Nayanars and Alvars
A bronze image of Manikkavasagar
Philosophy and Bhakti
Basavanna’s Virashaivism
The saints of Maharashtra
Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis
Islam and Sufism
New Religious Developments in North India
About Tulsidas-
About Mirabai-
Kabir
Baba Guru Nanak (1469-1539)
Martin Luther and the Reformation The sixteenth century was a time of religious ferment in Europe as well. One of the most important leaders of the changes that took place within Christianity was Martin Luther (1483-1546). Luther felt that several practices in the Roman Catholic Church went against the teachings of the Bible. He encouraged the use of the language of ordinary people rather than Latin, and translated the Bible into German. Luther was strongly opposed to the practice of “indulgences” or making donations to the Church so as to gain forgiveness from sins. His writings were widely disseminated with the growing use of the printing press. Many Protestant Christian sects trace their origins to the teachings of Luther.
Martin Luther and the Reformation
Chapter 9 THE MAKING OF REGIONAL CULTURES
The Cheras and the Development of Malayalam-
Rulers and Religious Traditions: The Jagannatha cult
The Rajputs and Traditions of Heroism
“Classical” dances
Beyond Regional Frontiers: The Story of Kathak
Painting for Patrons: The Tradition of Miniatures
Krishna, Radha and her companion, Pahari miniature, Kangra
Pirs and Temples
The Growth of a Regional Language
Bengal- Bengali.
How, then, did the new language emerge?
Maynamati, Gopichandra and Dharma Thakur
Fish as Food
Chapter 10 18th CENTURY POLITICAL FORMATIONS
State formations in the 18th century.
By 1765, British, had successfully grabbed major chunks of territory in eastern India.
The Crisis of the Empire and the Later Mughals
Emergence of New States
The Old Mughal Provinces
Hyderabad
Awadh
Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa‘adat Khan was appointed subadar of Awadh in 1722 and founded a state which was one of the most important to emerge out of the break-up of the Mughal Empire.
Bengal
Common features amongst these states- First, though many of the larger states were established by erstwhile Mughal nobles they were highly suspicious of some of the administrative systems that they had inherited, in particular the jagirdari system. Second, their method of tax collection differed. Rather than relying upon the officers of the state, all three regimes contracted with revenue-farmers for the collection of revenue. The practice of ijaradari, thoroughly disapproved of by the Mughals, spread all over India in the eighteenth century. Their impact on the countryside differed considerably. The third common feature in all these regional states was their emerging relationship with rich bankers and merchants. These people lent money to revenue farmers, received land as security and collected taxes from these lands through their own agents. Throughout India the richest merchants and bankers were gaining a stake in the new political order.
Common features amongst these states-
The Watan Jagirs of the Rajputs
Seizing Independence
The Sikhs
The Marathas
The Jats
Important Terminologies- Archive- A place where documents and manuscripts are stored. Patron- An influential, wealthy individual who supports another person – an artiste, a craftsperson, a learned man, or a noble Hinterland- The lands adjacent to a city or port that supply it with goods and services Garrison town- A fortified settlement, with soldiers. A client is someone who is under the protection of another, a dependent or hanger-on. A royal architect- The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan’s chronicler declared that the ruler was the “architect of the workshop of empire and religion”. Pietra dura- Coloured, hard stones placed in depressions carved into marble or sandstone creating beautiful, ornate patterns. Emporium A place where goods from diverse production centres are bought and sold Hundi It is a note recording a deposit made by a person. The amount deposited can be claimed in another place by presenting the record of the deposit. Clan- A clan is a group of families or households claiming descent from a common ancestor. Tribal organisation is often based on kinship or clan loyalties. Shifting Cultivation- Trees and bushes in a forest area are first cut and burnt. The crop is sown in the ashes. When this land loses its fertility, another plot of land is cleared and planted in the same way. Hagiography- Writing of saints’ lives. Hospice- House of rest for travellers, especially one kept by a religious order Animism- Attribution of living soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena
Important Terminologies-
Archive-
Patron-
Hinterland-
Garrison town-
A client is someone who is under the protection of another, a dependent or hanger-on.
A royal architect-
Pietra dura-
Emporium
Hundi
Clan-
Shifting Cultivation-
Hagiography-
Hospice-
Animism-
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