In Medieval India according to Francois Bernier what was the reason for averseness to any longterm i...........

Ancient and Medival History Mughal Period

In Medieval India, according to Francois Bernier, what was the reason for averseness to any longterm investment in the sustenance and expansion of crop production on land?

1. Crown ownership of land.

2. Low crop tax that deferred state investments on land.

Which of the above is/are correct?

1 only

2 only

Both

None

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Explanation:

Statement 1: Owing to crown ownership of land, argued Bernier, landholders could not pass on their land to their children. So, they did not intent upon any long-term investments on land, such as increasing its productive capacity.
Statement 2: The crop tax was very high in Mughal India, and formed the basis for higher taxes by other ruling dynasties.