By the time Gandhiji arrived in India 1 He had already forged a technique of non violent Satyagraha ...........

Modern Indian History Leaders in History

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By the time Gandhiji arrived in India

1. He had already forged a technique of non-violent Satyagraha in South Africa.

2. Indian National Congress (INC) was already established in India.

3. The first Swadeshi movement had already been waged.

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1&2 only

2&3 only

1&3 only

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Explanation:

As the historian Chandran Devanesan has remarked, South Africa was “the making of the Mahatma”. It was in South Africa that Mahatma Gandhi first forged the distinctive techniques of non-violent protest known as satyagraha, first promoted harmony between religions, and first alerted upper-caste Indians to their discriminatory treatment of low castes and women.
The India that Mahatma Gandhi came back to in 1915 was rather different from the one that he had left in 1893. Although still a colony of the British, it was far more active in a political sense.The Indian National Congress now had branches in most major cities and towns. Through the Swadeshi movement of 1905-07 it had greatly broadened its appeal among the middle classes. That movement had thrown up some towering leaders – among them Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Maharashtra, Bipin Chandra Pal of Bengal, and Lala Lajpat Rai of Punjab.