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LOCATION-
The Northern Plain
Bhabar-
Terai-
Bhangar-
Khadar-
The Peninsular Plateau
Western and Eastern Ghats
The Indian Desert
The Coastal Plains
The Islands-
Lakshadweep Islands
Andaman and Nicobar islands-
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Theory of Plate Tectonics-
Building up of stresses within the plates and the continental rocks above, leading to folding, faulting and volcanic activity
Broadly, these plate movements are classified into three types
MAJOR PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS
Purvanchal- Patkai hills, the Naga Hills, the Manipur hills and the Mizo hills
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Accordingly, the Indian rivers are divided into two major groups:
Drainage Patterns
The Himalayan Rivers
Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. These rivers are long, and are joined by many large and important tributaries. A river along with its tributaries may be called a river system.
The Indus River System
The Ganga River System
The Brahmaputra River System
The Peninsular Rivers
The Narmada Basin
The Tapi Basin
The Godavari Basin
The Mahanadi Basin
The Krishna Basin
The Kaveri Basin
LAKES
For example, the Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan, this is a salt water lake. Its water is used for producing salt.
Advantages of Lakes-
National River Conservation Plan (NRCP)
Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time (more than thirty years). Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere over an area at any point of time.
CLIMATIC CONTROLS
Latitude
Altitude
Pressure and Winds
The climate and associated weather conditions in India are governed by the following atmospheric conditions:
Pressure and surface winds;
Upper air circulation; and
Western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones
India lies in the region of north easterly winds.
Coriolis force-
Jet stream-
Western Cyclonic Disturbances-
Inter Tropical Convergence Zone-
El Nino-
THE INDIAN MONSOON
Atmospheric Conditions over the Indian Subcontinent in the Month of January
The monsoons are experienced in the tropical area roughly between 20° N and 20° S.
To understand the mechanism of the monsoons, the following facts are important -
(a) The differential heating and cooling of land and water creates low pressure on the landmass of India while the seas around experience comparatively high pressure.
(b) The shift of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in summer, over the Ganga plain (this is the equatorial trough normally positioned about 5°N of the equator.
It is also known as the monsoon trough during the monsoon season).
(c) The presence of the high-pressure area, east of Madagascar, approximately at 20°S over the Indian Ocean.
The intensity and position of this high-pressure area affects the Indian Monsoon.
(d) The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summer, which results in strong vertical air currents and the formation of low pressure over the plateau at about 9 km above sea level.
(e) The movement of the westerly jet stream to the north of the Himalayas and the presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian peninsula during summer.
THE ONSET OF THE MONSOON AND WITHDRAWAL
THE SEASONS
The Cold Weather Season (Winter)
The Hot Weather Season (summer)
Advancing Monsoon (The Rainy Season)
Retreating/Post Monsoons (The Transition Season)
DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL
RELIEF
Land
Soil
CLIMATE
Temperature
On the slopes of the Himalayas and the hills of the Peninsula above the height of 915 metres, the fall in the temperature affects the types of vegetation and its growth, and changes it from tropical to subtropical temperate and alpine vegetation.
Photoperiod (Sunlight)
The variation in duration of sunlight at different places is due to differences in latitude, altitude, season and duration of the day.
Due to longer duration of sunlight, trees grow faster in summer.
Precipitation
Tropical Evergreen Forests
Tropical Deciduous Forests
The Thorn Forests and Scrubs
Montane Forests
Mangrove Forests
WILDLIFE
approximately 90,000 animal species
2,000 species of birds
They constitute 13% of the world’s total.
There are 2,546 species of fish, which account for nearly 12% of the world’s stock.
It also shares between 5 and 8 per cent of the world’s amphibians, reptiles and mammals.
Elephants- found in the hot wet forests of Assam, Karnataka and Kerala
One-horned rhinoceroses are the other animals, which live in swampy and marshy lands of Assam and West Bengal.
Arid areas of the Rann of Kachchh and the Thar Desert are the habitat for wild ass and camels respectively.
Indian bison, nilgai (blue bull), chousingha (four-horned antelope), gazel and different species of deer are some other animals found in India.
It also has several species of monkeys.
Natural habitat of the Indian lion is the Gir forest in Gujarat.
Tigers are found in the forests of Madhya Pradesh, the Sundarbans of West Bengal and the Himalayan region.
Leopards, too, are members of the cat family.
The Himalayas harbour a hardy range of animals, which survive in extreme cold.
Ladakh- yak, the shaggy horned wild ox weighing around one tonne, the Tibetan antelope, the bharal (blue sheep), wild sheep, and the kiang (Tibetan wild ass)
Furthermore, the ibex, bear, snow-leopard and rare red panda are found in certain pockets.
In the rivers, lakes and coastal areas, turtles, crocodiles and gharials are found.
Census
India’s Population Size and Distribution by Numbers
2011- 1,210.6 million, which account for 17.5 per cent of the world’s population.
2011 Census data- Uttar Pradesh with a population size of 199 million is the most populous state of India.
Processes of Population Change/Growth
Age Composition
Children (generally below 15 years)
They are economically unproductive and need to be provided with food, clothing, education and medical care.
Working Age (15–59 years)
They are economically productive and biologically reproductive. They comprise the working population.
Aged (Above 59 years)
They can be economically productive though they may have retired. They may be working voluntarily but they are not available for employment through recruitment.
Sex Ratio
Literacy Rates
Occupational Structure
Adolescent Population
National Population Policy
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