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Which of the following was/were the policy reforms under Washington Consensus?
1. Interest rate liberalisation
2. Liberalisation of FDI inflows
3. Fiscal discipline
4. Secure property rights
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
1, 2 and 3 only
2, 3 and 4 only
1, 2 and 4 only
1, 2, 3 and 4
Washington consensus The term ‘Washington Consensus’ was coined by the US economist John Williamson (in 1989) under which he had suggested a set of policy reforms which most of the official in Washington (i.e., International Monetary Fund and World Bank) thought would be good for the crisisdriven Latin American countries of the time. The policy reforms included ten propositions: (i) Fiscal discipline (ii) A redirection of public expenditure priorities toward fields offering both high economic returns and the potential to improve income distribution, such as primary health care, primary education, and infrastructure. (iii) Tax reform (to lower marginal rates and broaden the tax base) (iv) Interest rate liberalisation (v) A competitive exchange rate (vi) Trade liberalisation (vii) Liberalisation of FDI inflows (viii) Privatisation (ix) Deregulation (in the sense of abolishing barriers to entry and exit) (x) Secure property rights All the above are correct. However, in coming times, the term became synonymous to neo-liberalism (in Latin America), market fundamentalism (as George Soros told in 1998) and even globalization across the world. It has often been used to describe an extreme and dogmatic commitment to the belief that markets can handle everything.
By: Gagandeep Singh ProfileResourcesReport error
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