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Which of the following statements about the social conditions during the Gupta period is correct?
Kshatriya occupied the top position in the society as the supremacy of Brahmans began to decline.
Shudras were allowed to listen to religious texts.
Position of upper-caste women improved as they were allowed to inherit landed property.
All of the above
Statement 1 is not correct: The structure of the society was undergoing a change in the Gupta period and the caste system became rigid as the supremacy of the Brahmanas was increasing and they occupied the top ladder of the society. They were getting large-scale land grants not only from the rulers but from other people also. The land was given along with administrative rights and tax exemptions. Thus, a new class of brahmana landlords was created. Statement 2 is correct: The position of Shudras improved somewhat during the Gupta period. They were allowed to listen to the religious texts like Ramayana and Mahabharata and the Puranas. They could also perform some domestic rituals that were earlier prohibited for them. In the seventh century, Hsuan Tsang calls Shudras as agriculturists and the vaishyas as traders. ? A distinction was also made between Shudras and untouchables, the latter being treated lower in status than the Shudras. The untouchables are referred to as chandalas. They lived outside the village and dealt in unclean jobs such as scavenging or butchery. The Chinese traveler Fa-Hien tells us that whenever they entered the towns or market places they would strike a piece of wood to announce their arrival so that the others might not touch them and get polluted. Statement 3 is not correct: The status of women continued to decline in the Gupta period. The main reason for the subordination of women was their complete dependence on men for their livelihood. The women were not entitled to inherit property. The practice of Swyamvara was given up and the Manusmriti suggested early marriage for girls.
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