Explanation:

Explanation:

• Biotic and abiotic are the two important factors of the ecosystem which have important characters in shaping the ecosystem. Therefore, both the biotic and abiotic factors affect survival and reproduction process.
• Both components are related to each other. If one of the components or a factor is removed or changed, it affects the entire ecosystem.

Biotic Factors:

• Biotic factors or components are mainly referred to all the living things in the ecosystem. Their presence or their materials affect the composition of an ecosystem. These materials include all living organisms, like animals, humans, plants, fungi, and bacteria All the interactions will make the difference in survival and reproduction of each species.
• All living components of an ecosystem, including the producers, consumers, and decomposers or detritivores are considered as the biotic examples.

Abiotic Factors

• Abiotic factors or components are mainly referred to all the non-living things with chemical and physical factors. These can be acquired from the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. Sunlight (Temperature), air, moisture, minerals, and soil are some examples of abiotic factors. Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.
• These factors have a significant impact on the survival and reproduction of species in an ecosystem.
• For instance, without the worthy amount of sunlight, all autotrophic organisms are not able to survive and eventually dies, then there will be less food for plant-eating animals, which directly affects the other flesh-eating animals. Overall, this leads to the disbalance of the ecosystem.