Explanation:

Let’s break this down:

- Option 1: Pluralist

- This view sees the workplace as made up of different groups—management, employees, and unions—each with their own interests.

- It accepts that there will be conflicts, and thinks institutions (like unions) and negotiations (like collective bargaining) are key to balancing power.

- This is the foundation of the mainstream (or “orthodox”) school of industrial relations.

- Mainstream IR assumes that conflict is natural and managed through regulation and cooperation.

- Option 2: Unitarist

- Sees the organization as a team with a common purpose.

- Assumes everyone should share the same goals, so conflict is abnormal.

- Sees unions as unnecessary or even troublemakers.

- Option 3: Non-interventionist

- Suggests minimal or no interference in employment relationships—let the market sort it out.

- Believe the “invisible hand” will balance things.

- Option 4: Radical

- Views workplace relations through a Marxist lens—class conflict, exploitation, power struggles dominate.

- Believes systemic change is needed.

The correct answer is Option 1: Pluralist.