Explanation:

Let’s break down each option:

- Pluralist approach

This is about multiple groups with competing interests—the focus is on conflict and negotiation, not so much on cultural shaping.

- System approach

A system approach looks at organizations as interconnected parts. It’s about structure, processes, and relationships, not really about how culture shapes individual behavior.

- Unitary approach

Unitary assumes everyone in an organization has common goals and interests. Culture isn’t really the driving explanation here either.

- Social action approach

Here’s the thing: this approach is grounded in the idea that individuals’ actions and roles are mainly molded by cultural values and norms of society. It’s about interpreting how culture creates meaning and influences what people do.

Bottom line: Social action approach is the answer—it’s all about culture setting the stage for everything else.