Explanation:

A dispute can be referred to adjudication if hot the employer and the recognised union agree to do so. A dispute can also be referred to adjudication by the Government even if there is no consent of the parties in which case it is called ‘compulsory adjudication’. As mentioned above, the dispute can be referred to three types of tribunals depending on the nature and facts of dispute in questions.
These include:
(a) Labour courts,
(b) Industrial tribunals, and
(c) National tribunals.
The procedure, powers, and provisions regarding commencement of award and period of operation of award of these three bodies are similar. The first two bodies can be set up either by State or Central Government but the national tribunal can be constituted by the Central Government only, when it thinks that the adjudication of a dispute is of national importance. These three bodies are into hierarchical in nature. It is the Government’s prerogative to refer a dispute to any of these bodies depending on the nature of dispute.