Explanation:

1. The origin of productivity bargaining can be traced to the economic difficulties experienced by Britain in the sixties. With wages and prices more and more under government control, a lead was taken by ESSO’s refining affiliate, viz., ESSO Oil Company Limited in this new field. ESSO took a close look at the wages, job classifications, overtime practices and other practices and offered wage increases and other fringe benefits in return for unions’ acceptance for increased productivity and changes in work practices.
2. A printed booklet containing proposed changes in wages, work practices, working hours, etc., was circulated among the workers and union members in advance and their views and criticisms were solicited.
3. The booklet also contained the schedule for implementing changes. It provided a means for the labour to receive higher pay and work lesser hours a radical change from the historic labour practices work rules and other transactions, if those objectives were to be met. ESSO’s lead was followed by I.C.I., Alcan Industries, British Oxygen, etc. In the words of Mr. E.G. Frement, Jr.: “The object of the negotiations was to improve the basic efficiency of the companies’ operations while evolving a more satisfactory method of answering labour’s needs.
4. In practice, Productivity Bargaining in England has succeeded in raising the ratio of productive to non-productive time spent on the job by maintenance and process workers at several large factories. It has enabled capital intensive production and distribution facilities to go to shift working and reduced the time lost due to dispute arising from cumbersome wage structures.”
5. In the 1950s, industrial relations was formalized as a distinct academic discipline with the emergence in the UK of the so-called 'Oxford school', including Allan Flanders, Hugh Clegg, and Alan Fox, Lord William McCarthy, Sir George Bain (all of whom taught at Nuffield College, Oxford), as well as Otto Kahn-Freund (Brasenose College, Oxford).