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India’s 3-stage nuclear power programme is facing delays in deploying Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs). Amid these challenges, the former Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) chief has suggested using HALEU and thorium as fuel to effectively utilize existing PHWRs.
Stage
Aim
Fuel/Coolant/ Moderator
Nuclear Reactor
Current Status
Stage-1
It aims to generate electricity while producing plutonium-239 (Pu-239) as a byproduct.
Plutonium is key for the next stages of the programme.
Uranium (U-238)
Moderator: Heavy water (deuterium oxide)
Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs)
India has already constructed 18 PHWRs, as the foundation of India's nuclear power infrastructure.
Stage-2
It focuses on Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs), which utilize Pu-239 from the first stage to generate more fissile material than they consume.
These reactors convert fertile uranium-238 into Pu-239, enhancing the nuclear fuel cycle efficiency.
Mixed Oxide of Plutonium-239 and Uranium-238
Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs)
The Prototype FBR at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, is a key development in this stage.
Stage-3
It focuses on Thorium Reactors, which use Thorium-232 to produce uranium-233, a fissile material.
Thorium-232 (converted into Uranium-233)
Thorium-Based Reactors (Thorium Cycle)
Research into thorium-based reactors is ongoing, with the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) & Molten Salt Reactors being developed as part of this stage.
Mixed Oxide (MOX) Fuel
Depleted Uranium
By: Rohit Garcha ProfileResourcesReport error
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