The following items consists of two Statements I and II You are to examine these two statements care...........

Ancient and Medieval History History

The following items consists of two Statements I and II. You are to examine these two statements carefully and select the answer to these items using the code given below.

Statements

I. The cities of the second urbanization in Indian history are mainly located in the Ganga valley.

II. Advanced iron technology, ensuring an agrarian surplus is instrumental to this process of urbanization.

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Both the statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I

Both the statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of Statement I

Statement I is true and Statement II is false

Statement I is false but Statement II is true

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Explanation:

Second urbanization(600–300 BC)

Centre: Gangetic plains

1.Rise of kingdoms across the plains with far superior governance & administration.

2.Cities developed to cater various purposes: Hastinapur as political centre, Ujjain as a trade centre & Vaishali as a centre of learning & religion.

3.Vital evidence of this era comes through texts like Panini's work on grammar or the oral traditions of Pali Canon, tripataka.

4.Fortified towns, elaborate lay-out but, vastly different from Harappan era suggesting there was in fact no continuity between the two phases of urbanization.

5.Increased use of iron, in agriculture as well as war fare. This would have a domino effect as increased productivity would go on to increase the population.

6.Villages near sources of vital resources would practise same profession, increased profession based stratification.

7.First major reform in Vedic religion, rise of Buddhism & Jainism as alternate ways of life in the changing circumstances of the era where earlier traditions continued to crumble.

8.First contact with invaders, Greeks & later others would pour down on India. This contact would strengthen Indian kingdoms, rise of Mauryas, the first imperial rulers of India.